概述
题目引入:
在维纳滤波的过程中需要利用以前的信息的线性组合来预测当前值,同时要满足最小均方误差准则。另外,在线性MIMO接收机的设计过程中,有以下信道模型:
$$y=Hx+n$$
为了根据接收到的信号y,恢复出发送的信号x,需要对发送向量做一个估计,假设采用最小均方误差准则(MMSE),存在系数矩阵A使得:
$$hat{x}_{MMSE}=Ay$$
均方误差为:
$$e = E||hat{x}_{MMSE}-x||^2=E(Ay-x)^T(Ay-x)$$
现在的问题是如何得到矩阵A,使得上述均方误差达到最小?
很多教材上对此大都未曾提及,这里介绍了已知巧妙简单易懂的方法来解决上述问题。首先介绍一些关于矩阵迹的先验知识。
矩阵的迹就是矩阵对角元素之和。有以下性质:
$$tr(AB)=tr(BA)$$
$$frac{{partial trleft( {AB} right)}}{{partial A}} = {B^T}$$
根据以上两个性质基本上就可以进行接下来的操作。首先利用上述性质计算如下导数:
$$frac{{partial trleft( {AB{A^T}C} right)}}{{partial A}}$$
对于不同位置含有两个矩阵A,该如何操作呢?这里先引入微积分中对$x^2$的分步求导过程:
$$frac{{d{x^2}}}{{dx}} = frac{{dxx}}{{dx}} = xfrac{{dx}}{{dx}} + xfrac{{dx}}{{dx}} = 2x$$
同样地,
[begin{array}{l}
frac{{partial trleft( {AB{A^T}C} right)}}{{partial A}} = frac{{partial trleft( {{A^T}CAB} right)}}{{partial A}}\
= {left( {B{A^T}C} right)^T} + CAB\
= {C^T}A{B^T} + CAB
end{array}]
接下来,我们来解决前面提出的问题。
[e = Eleft[ {{{left( {Ay - x} right)}^T}left( {Ay - x} right)} right]]
上式对A求导:
[begin{array}{l}
frac{{de}}{{dA}} = frac{d}{{dA}}Eleft[ {{{left( {Ay - x} right)}^T}left( {Ay - x} right)} right]\
= Eleft[ {frac{d}{{dA}}{{left( {Ay - x} right)}^T}left( {Ay - x} right)} right]
end{array}]
待求期望的部分是
[begin{array}{l}
frac{d}{{dA}}{left( {Ay - x} right)^T}left( {Ay - x} right) = frac{d}{{dA}}trleft( {{{left( {Ay - x} right)}^T}left( {Ay - x} right)} right)\
= frac{d}{{dA}}trleft( {{y^T}{A^T}Ay - {y^T}{A^T}x - {x^T}Ay + {x^T}x} right)\
= frac{d}{{dA}}trleft( {{y^T}{A^T}Ay - {y^T}{A^T}x - {x^T}Ay} right) + frac{d}{{dA}}trleft( {{x^T}x} right)\
= frac{d}{{dA}}trleft( {{y^T}{A^T}Ay - {y^T}{A^T}x - {x^T}Ay} right)\
= frac{d}{{dA}}trleft( {Ay{y^T}{A^T} - {A^T}x{y^T} - Ay{x^T}} right)\
= {left( {y{y^T}{A^T}} right)^T} + Ay{y^T} - x{y^T} - {left( {y{x^T}} right)^T}\
= 2Ay{y^T} - 2x{y^T}
end{array}]
令上式为零就可得到MMSE下的解。
[begin{array}{l}
frac{{de}}{{dA}} = Eleft[ {frac{d}{{dA}}{{left( {Ay - x} right)}^T}left( {Ay - x} right)} right]\
= Eleft( {2Ay{y^T} - 2x{y^T}} right) = 0
end{array}]
假设
begin{array}{l}
Eleft[ {x{x^T}} right] = I\
Eleft[ {n{x^T}} right] = 0\
Eleft[ {n{n^T}} right] = {sigma ^2}I
end{array}
则
[begin{array}{l}
frac{{de}}{{dA}}{rm{ = }}Eleft( {2Ay{y^T} - 2x{y^T}} right){rm{ = }}0\
AEleft( {y{y^T}} right) - Eleft( {x{y^T}} right) = 0\
Eleft( {y{y^T}} right) = Eleft( {left( {Hx + n} right){{left( {Hx + n} right)}^T}} right)\
= Eleft( {Hx{x^T}{H^T} + Hx{n^T} + n{x^T}{H^T} + n{n^T}} right)\
= HEleft( {x{x^T}} right){H^T} + Eleft( {n{n^T}} right)\
= HI{H^T} + {sigma ^2}I\
= H{H^T} + {sigma ^2}I
end{array}]
从而有
[begin{array}{l}
AEleft( {y{y^T}} right) = Eleft( {x{y^T}} right) = Eleft( {x{{left( {Hx + n} right)}^T}} right) = {H^T}\
Aleft( {H{H^T} + {sigma ^2}I} right) = {H^T}\
A = {H^T}{left( {H{H^T} + {sigma ^2}I} right)^{ - 1}}
end{array}]
至此就求得了矩阵A,从而得到了MIMO接收机的发送信号估计公式:
[begin{array}{l}
{{hat x}_{MMSE}} = Ay\
= {H^T}{left( {H{H^T} + {sigma ^2}I} right)^{ - 1}}y
end{array}]
利用上述方法简介明了地推出了MMSE下MIMO接收机发送信号估计公式。利用矩阵的迹的性质还可以简便地推出最小二乘法的表达式。读者可以尝试。这在博客http://blog.csdn.net/acdreamers/article/details/44662633得到了实现。
最后
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