并发编程进阶

概要：

• 多进程开发
• 进程之间数据共享
• 进程锁
• 进程池
• 协程

1. 多进程开发

进程是计算机中资源分配的最小单元；一个进程中可以有多个线程，同一个进程中的线程共享资源；

进程与进程之间则是相互隔离。

Python中通过多进程可以利用CPU的多核优势，计算密集型操作适用于多进程。

1.1 进程介绍

• 进程模块

  import multiprocessing

import multiprocessing


def task():
    pass


if __name__ == '__main__':
    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

from multiprocessing import Process

def task(arg):
	pass

def run():
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=('xxx',))
    p.start()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

关于在Python中基于multiprocessiong模块操作的进程：

Depending on the platform, multiprocessing supports three ways to start a process. These start methods are

- *fork*，【“拷贝”几乎所有资源】【支持文件对象/线程锁等传参】【unix】【任意位置开始】【快】

  The parent process uses [`os.fork()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.fork) to fork the Python interpreter. The child process, when it begins, is effectively identical to the parent process. All resources of the parent are inherited by the child process. Note that safely forking a multithreaded process is problematic.Available on Unix only. The default on Unix.

- *spawn*，【run参数传必备资源】【不支持文件对象/线程锁等传参】【unix、win】【main代码块开始】【慢】

  The parent process starts a fresh python interpreter process. The child process will only inherit those resources necessary to run the process object’s [`run()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.Process.run) method. In particular, unnecessary file descriptors and handles from the parent process will not be inherited. Starting a process using this method is rather slow compared to using *fork* or *forkserver*.Available on Unix and Windows. The default on Windows and macOS.

- *forkserver*，【run参数传必备资源】【不支持文件对象/线程锁等传参】【部分unix】【main代码块开始】

  When the program starts and selects the *forkserver* start method, a server process is started. From then on, whenever a new process is needed, the parent process connects to the server and requests that it fork a new process. The fork server process is single threaded so it is safe for it to use [`os.fork()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.fork). No unnecessary resources are inherited.Available on Unix platforms which support passing file descriptors over Unix pipes.

import multiprocessing
multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")

官方文档：https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html

• 示例1

import multiprocessing
import time

"""
def task():
    print(name)
    name.append(123)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")  # fork、spawn、forkserver
    name = []

    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

    time.sleep(2)
    print(name)  # []
"""
"""
def task():
    print(name) # [123]


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")  # fork、spawn、forkserver
    name = []
    name.append(123)

    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()
"""

"""
def task():
    print(name)  # []


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")  # fork、spawn、forkserver
    name = []
    
    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

    name.append(123)
    
"""

• 示例2：

import multiprocessing


def task():
    print(name)
    print(file_object)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")  # fork、spawn、forkserver
    
    name = []
    file_object = open('x1.txt', mode='a+', encoding='utf-8')

    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

案例：

import multiprocessing


def task():
    print(name)
    file_object.write("达莱n")
    file_object.flush()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")

    name = []
    file_object = open('x1.txt', mode='a+', encoding='utf-8')
    file_object.write("查苏娜n")

    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

import multiprocessing


def task():
    print(name)
    file_object.write("达莱n")
    file_object.flush()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")
    
    name = []
    file_object = open('x1.txt', mode='a+', encoding='utf-8')
    file_object.write("查苏娜n")
    file_object.flush()

    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

import multiprocessing
import threading
import time

def func():
    print("来了")
    with lock:
        print(666)
        time.sleep(1)

def task():
    # 拷贝的锁也是被申请走的状态
    # 被谁申请走了? 被子进程中的主线程申请走了
    for i in range(10):
        t = threading.Thread(target=func)
        t.start()
    time.sleep(2)
    lock.release()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork")
    name = []
    lock = threading.RLock()
    lock.acquire()
    # print(lock)
    # lock.acquire() # 申请锁
    # print(lock)
    # lock.release()
    # print(lock)
    # lock.acquire()  # 申请锁
    # print(lock)

    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
    p1.start()

1.2 常见功能

进程的常见方法：

• p.start()，当前进程准备就绪，等待被CPU调度（工作单元其实是进程中的线程）。

• p.join()，等待当前进程的任务执行完毕后再向下继续执行。

import time
from multiprocessing import Process


def task(arg):
    time.sleep(2)
    print("执行中...")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")
    p = Process(target=task, args=('xxx',))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    print("继续执行...")

p.daemon = 布尔值，守护进程（必须放在start之前）

• p.daemon =True，设置为守护进程，主进程执行完毕后，子进程也自动关闭。
• p.daemon =False，设置为非守护进程，主进程等待子进程，子进程执行完毕后，主进程才结束。

import time
from multiprocessing import Process


def task(arg):
    time.sleep(2)
    print("执行中...")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")
    p = Process(target=task, args=('xxx',))
    p.daemon = True
    p.start()

    print("继续执行...")

• 进程的名称的设置和获取

import os
import time
import threading
import multiprocessing


def func():
    time.sleep(3)


def task(arg):
    for i in range(10):
        t = threading.Thread(target=func)
        t.start()
    print(os.getpid(), os.getppid())
    print("线程个数", len(threading.enumerate()))
    time.sleep(2)
    print("当前进程的名称：", multiprocessing.current_process().name)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(os.getpid())
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=('xxx',))
    p.name = "哈哈哈哈"
    p.start()

    print("继续执行...")

• 自定义进程类，直接将线程需要做的事写到run方法中。

import multiprocessing


class MyProcess(multiprocessing.Process):
    def run(self):
        print('执行此进程', self._args)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")
    p = MyProcess(args=('xxx',))
    p.start()
    print("继续执行...")

• CPU个数，程序一般创建多少个进程？（利用CPU多核优势）。

import multiprocessing
multiprocessing.cpu_count()

import multiprocessing

if __name__ == '__main__':
    count = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
    for i in range(count - 1):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=xxxx)
        p.start()

2.进程间数据的共享

进程是资源分配的最小单元，每个进程中都维护自己独立的数据，不共享。

import multiprocessing


def task(data):
    data.append(666)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    data_list = []
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=(data_list,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    print("主进程：", data_list) # []

如果想要让他们之间进行共享，则可以借助一些特殊的东西来实现。

2.1 共享

Shared memory

Data can be stored in a shared memory map using Value or Array. For example, the following code

    'c': ctypes.c_char,  'u': ctypes.c_wchar,
    'b': ctypes.c_byte,  'B': ctypes.c_ubyte, 
    'h': ctypes.c_short, 'H': ctypes.c_ushort,
    'i': ctypes.c_int,   'I': ctypes.c_uint,  （其u表示无符号）
    'l': ctypes.c_long,  'L': ctypes.c_ulong, 
    'f': ctypes.c_float, 'd': ctypes.c_double

from multiprocessing import Process, Value, Array


def func(n, m1, m2):
    n.value = 888
    m1.value = 'a'.encode('utf-8')
    m2.value = "达"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    num = Value('i', 666)
    v1 = Value('c')
    v2 = Value('u')

    p = Process(target=func, args=(num, v1, v2))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    print(num.value)  # 888
    print(v1.value)  # b'a'
    print(v2.value)  # 达

from multiprocessing import Process, Value, Array


def f(data_array):
    data_array[0] = 666


if __name__ == '__main__':
    arr = Array('i', [11, 22, 33, 44]) # 数组：元素类型必须是int; 只能是这么几个数据。

    p = Process(target=f, args=(arr,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    print(arr[:])

Server process

A manager object returned by Manager() controls a server process which holds Python objects and allows other processes to manipulate them using proxies.

from multiprocessing import Process, Manager

def f(d, l):
    d[1] = '1'
    d['2'] = 2
    d[0.25] = None
    l.append(666)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Manager() as manager:
        d = manager.dict()
        l = manager.list()

        p = Process(target=f, args=(d, l))
        p.start()
        p.join()

        print(d)
        print(l)

2.2 交换

multiprocessing supports two types of communication channel between processes

Queues

The Queue class is a near clone of queue.Queue. For example

import multiprocessing


def task(q):
    for i in range(10):
        q.put(i)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
    
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=(queue,))
    p.start()
    p.join()

    print("主进程")
    print(queue.get())
    print(queue.get())
    print(queue.get())
    print(queue.get())
    print(queue.get())

Pipes

The Pipe() function returns a pair of connection objects connected by a pipe which by default is duplex (two-way). For example:

import time
import multiprocessing


def task(conn):
    time.sleep(1)
    conn.send([111, 22, 33, 44])
    data = conn.recv() # 阻塞
    print("子进程接收:", data)
    time.sleep(2)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parent_conn, child_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()

    p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=(child_conn,))
    p.start()

    info = parent_conn.recv() # 阻塞
    print("主进程接收：", info)
    parent_conn.send(666)

上述都是Python内部提供的进程之间数据共享和交换的机制，作为了解即可，在项目开发中很少使用，后期项目中一般会借助第三方的来做资源的共享，例如：MySQL、redis等。

3. 进程锁

如果多个进程抢占式去做某些操作时候，为了防止操作出问题，可以通过进程锁来避免。

import time
from multiprocessing import Process, Value, Array


def func(n, ):
    n.value = n.value + 1


if __name__ == '__main__':
    num = Value('i', 0)

    for i in range(20):
        p = Process(target=func, args=(num,))
        p.start()

    time.sleep(3)
    print(num.value)

import time
from multiprocessing import Process, Manager


def f(d, ):
    d[1] += 1


if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Manager() as manager:
        d = manager.dict()
        d[1] = 0
        for i in range(20):
            p = Process(target=f, args=(d,))
            p.start()
        time.sleep(3)
        print(d)

import time
import multiprocessing


def task():
    # 假设文件中保存的内容就是一个值：10
    with open('f1.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        current_num = int(f.read())

    print("排队抢票了")
    time.sleep(1)

    current_num -= 1
    with open('f1.txt', mode='w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(str(current_num))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    for i in range(20):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task)
        p.start()

很显然，多进程在操作时就会出问题，此时就需要锁来介入：

import time
import multiprocessing


def task(lock):
    print("开始")
    lock.acquire()
    # 假设文件中保存的内容就是一个值：10
    with open('f1.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        current_num = int(f.read())

    print("排队抢票了")
    time.sleep(0.5)
    current_num -= 1

    with open('f1.txt', mode='w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(str(current_num))
    lock.release()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")
    
    lock = multiprocessing.RLock() # 进程锁
    
    for i in range(10):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=(lock,))
        p.start()

    # spawn模式，需要特殊处理。
    time.sleep(7)

import time
import multiprocessing
import os


def task(lock):
    print("开始")
    lock.acquire()
    # 假设文件中保存的内容就是一个值：10
    with open('f1.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        current_num = int(f.read())

    print(os.getpid(), "排队抢票了")
    time.sleep(0.5)
    current_num -= 1

    with open('f1.txt', mode='w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(str(current_num))
    lock.release()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")
    lock = multiprocessing.RLock()

    process_list = []
    for i in range(10):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=(lock,))
        p.start()
        process_list.append(p)

    # spawn模式，需要特殊处理。
    for item in process_list:
        item.join()

import time
import multiprocessing

def task(lock):
    print("开始")
    lock.acquire()
    # 假设文件中保存的内容就是一个值：10
    with open('f1.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        current_num = int(f.read())

    print("排队抢票了")
    time.sleep(1)
    current_num -= 1

    with open('f1.txt', mode='w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(str(current_num))
    lock.release()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method('fork')
    lock = multiprocessing.RLock()
    for i in range(10):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=task, args=(lock,))
        p.start()

4. 进程池

import time
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor, ThreadPoolExecutor


def task(num):
    print("执行", num)
    time.sleep(2)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 修改模式
    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(4)
    for i in range(10):
        pool.submit(task, i)
	print(1)
	print(2)

import time
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor


def task(num):
    print("执行", num)
    time.sleep(2)


if __name__ == '__main__':

    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(4)
    for i in range(10):
        pool.submit(task, i)
	# 等待进程池中的任务都执行完毕后，再继续往后执行。
    pool.shutdown(True)
    print(1)

import time
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import multiprocessing

def task(num):
    print("执行", num)
    time.sleep(2)
    return num


def done(res):
    print(multiprocessing.current_process())
    time.sleep(1)
    print(res.result())
    time.sleep(1)


if __name__ == '__main__':

    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(4)
    for i in range(50):
        fur = pool.submit(task, i)
        fur.add_done_callback(done) # done的调用由主进程处理（与线程池不同）
        
    print(multiprocessing.current_process())
    pool.shutdown(True)

注意：如果在进程池中要使用进程锁，则需要基于Manager中的Lock和RLock来实现。

import time
import multiprocessing
from concurrent.futures.process import ProcessPoolExecutor


def task(lock):
    print("开始")
    # lock.acquire()
    # lock.relase()
    with lock:
        # 假设文件中保存的内容就是一个值：10
        with open('f1.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            current_num = int(f.read())

        print("排队抢票了")
        time.sleep(1)
        current_num -= 1

        with open('f1.txt', mode='w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            f.write(str(current_num))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor()
    # lock_object = multiprocessing.RLock() # 不能使用
    manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
    lock_object = manager.RLock() # Lock
    for i in range(10):
        pool.submit(task, lock_object)

案例：计算每天用户访问情况。

• 示例1

import os
import time
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
from multiprocessing import Manager


def task(file_name, count_dict):
    ip_set = set()
    total_count = 0
    ip_count = 0
    file_path = os.path.join("files", file_name)
    file_object = open(file_path, mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
    for line in file_object:
        if not line.strip():
            continue
        user_ip = line.split(" - -", maxsplit=1)[0].split(",")[0]
        total_count += 1
        if user_ip in ip_set:
            continue
        ip_count += 1
        ip_set.add(user_ip)
    count_dict[file_name] = {"total": total_count, 'ip': ip_count}
    time.sleep(1)


def run():
    # 根据目录读取文件并初始化字典
    """
        1.读取目录下所有的文件，每个进程处理一个文件。
    """

    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(4)
    with Manager() as manager:
        """
        count_dict={
        	"20210322.log":{"total":10000,'ip':800},
        }
        """
        count_dict = manager.dict()
        
        for file_name in os.listdir("files"):
            pool.submit(task, file_name, count_dict)
            
            
        pool.shutdown(True)
        for k, v in count_dict.items():
            print(k, v)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

• 示例2

import os
import time
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor


def task(file_name):
    ip_set = set()
    total_count = 0
    ip_count = 0
    file_path = os.path.join("files", file_name)
    file_object = open(file_path, mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
    for line in file_object:
        if not line.strip():
            continue
        user_ip = line.split(" - -", maxsplit=1)[0].split(",")[0]
        total_count += 1
        if user_ip in ip_set:
            continue
        ip_count += 1
        ip_set.add(user_ip)
    time.sleep(1)
    return {"total": total_count, 'ip': ip_count}


def outer(info, file_name):
    def done(res, *args, **kwargs):
        info[file_name] = res.result()

    return done


def run():
    # 根据目录读取文件并初始化字典
    """
        1.读取目录下所有的文件，每个进程处理一个文件。
    """
    info = {}
    
    pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(4)

    for file_name in os.listdir("files"):
        fur = pool.submit(task, file_name)
        fur.add_done_callback(  outer(info, file_name)  ) # 回调函数：主进程

    pool.shutdown(True)
    for k, v in info.items():
        print(k, v)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

5. 协程

暂时以了解为主。

计算机中提供了：线程、进程 用于实现并发编程（真实存在）。

协程（Coroutine），是程序员通过代码搞出来的一个东西（非真实存在）。

协程也可以被称为微线程，是一种用户态内的上下文切换技术。
简而言之，其实就是通过一个线程实现代码块相互切换执行（来回跳着执行）。

例如：

def func1():
    print(1)
    ...
    print(2)
    
def func2():
    print(3)
    ...
    print(4)
    
func1()
func2()

上述代码是普通的函数定义和执行，按流程分别执行两个函数中的代码，并先后会输出：1、2、3、4。

但如果介入协程技术那么就可以实现函数见代码切换执行，最终输入：1、3、2、4 。

在Python中有多种方式可以实现协程，例如：

• greenlet

  pip install greenlet
  

  from greenlet import greenlet
  
  def func1():
      print(1)        # 第1步：输出 1
      gr2.switch()    # 第3步：切换到 func2 函数
      print(2)        # 第6步：输出 2
      gr2.switch()    # 第7步：切换到 func2 函数，从上一次执行的位置继续向后执行
      
  def func2():
      print(3)        # 第4步：输出 3
      gr1.switch()    # 第5步：切换到 func1 函数，从上一次执行的位置继续向后执行
      print(4)        # 第8步：输出 4
      
  gr1 = greenlet(func1)
  gr2 = greenlet(func2)
  
  gr1.switch() # 第1步：去执行 func1 函数
  

• yield

  def func1():
      yield 1
      yield from func2()
      yield 2
      
  def func2():
      yield 3
      yield 4
      
  f1 = func1()
  for item in f1:
      print(item)
  

虽然上述两种都实现了协程，但这种编写代码的方式没啥意义。

这种来回切换执行，可能反倒让程序的执行速度更慢了（相比较于串行）。

协程如何才能更有意义呢？

不要让用户手动去切换，而是遇到IO操作时能自动切换。

Python在3.4之后推出了asyncio模块 + Python3.5推出async、async语法 ，内部基于协程并且遇到IO请求自动化切换。

import asyncio

async def func1():
    print(1)
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print(2)
    
async def func2():
    print(3)
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print(4)
    
tasks = [
    asyncio.ensure_future(func1()),
    asyncio.ensure_future(func2())
]
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))

"""
需要先安装：pip3 install aiohttp
"""

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def fetch(session, url):
    print("发送请求：", url)
    async with session.get(url, verify_ssl=False) as response:
        content = await response.content.read()
        file_name = url.rsplit('_')[-1]
        with open(file_name, mode='wb') as file_object:
            file_object.write(content)
            
async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        url_list = [
            'https://www3.autoimg.cn/newsdfs/g26/M02/35/A9/120x90_0_autohomecar__ChsEe12AXQ6AOOH_AAFocMs8nzU621.jpg',
            'https://www2.autoimg.cn/newsdfs/g30/M01/3C/E2/120x90_0_autohomecar__ChcCSV2BBICAUntfAADjJFd6800429.jpg',
            'https://www3.autoimg.cn/newsdfs/g26/M0B/3C/65/120x90_0_autohomecar__ChcCP12BFCmAIO83AAGq7vK0sGY193.jpg'
        ]
        tasks = [asyncio.create_task(fetch(session, url)) for url in url_list]
        await asyncio.wait(tasks)
if __name__ == '__main__':
    asyncio.run(main())

通过上述内容发现，在处理IO请求时，协程通过一个线程就可以实现并发的操作。

协程、线程、进程的区别？

线程，是计算机中可以被cpu调度的最小单元。
进程，是计算机资源分配的最小单元（进程为线程提供资源）。
一个进程中可以有多个线程,同一个进程中的线程可以共享此进程中的资源。

由于CPython中GIL的存在：
	- 线程，适用于IO密集型操作。
    - 进程，适用于计算密集型操作。

协程，协程也可以被称为微线程，是一种用户态内的上下文切换技术，在开发中结合遇到IO自动切换，就可以通过一个线程实现并发操作。


所以，在处理IO操作时，协程比线程更加节省开销（协程的开发难度大一些）。

现在很多Python中的框架都在支持协程，比如：FastAPI、Tornado、Sanic、Django 3、aiohttp等，企业开发使用的也越来越多（目前不是特别多）。

参考的文章和专题视频：

• 文章

https://pythonav.com/wiki/detail/6/91/
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/137057192

• 视频

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1NA411g7yf

总结

1. 了解的进程的几种模式
2. 掌握进程和进程池的常见操作
3. 进程之间数据共享
4. 进程锁
5. 协程、进程、线程的区别（概念）

最后

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