概述
控制服务和守护进程
systemd简介
systemd是用户空间的第一个应用程序,即/sbin/init
init程序的类型:
- SysV风格:init(centos5),实现系统初始化时,随后的初始化操作都是借助于脚本来实现的
特点:
脚本中含有大量的命令,每个命令都要启动一个进程,命令执行完以后就要终止这个进程。如此一来,系统初始化时将大量的创建进程,销毁进程,工作效率会非常低
服务间可能会存在依赖关系,必须严格按照一定的顺序来启动服务,前一个服务没启动完后面的服务就无法执行启动过程。不能并行进行
配置文件:/etc/inittab
- Upstart风格:init(centos6),由ubuntu研发的,通过总线形式以接近于并行的方式工作,效率比SysV高
特点:
基于总线方式能够让进程间互相通信的一个应用程序
不用等服务启动完成,只要一初始化就可以把自己的状态返回给其他进程
配置文件:/etc/inittab,/etc/init/*.conf
- Systemd风格:systemd(centos7)
特点:启动速度比SysV和Upstart都快
不需要通过任何脚本来启动服务,systemd自身就可以启动服务,其本身就是一个强大的解释器,启动服务时不需要sh/bash的参与
systemd不真正在系统初始化时去启动任何一个服务
只要服务没用到,它告诉你启动了,实际上并没有启动。仅当第一次去访问时才会真正启动服务
配置文件:/usr/lib/systemd/system,/etc/systemd/system
systemd的新特性
- 系统引导时实现服务并行启动
- 按需激活进程
- 系统状态快照
- 基于依赖关系定义服务控制逻辑
Unit
systemd使用unit的概念来管理服务,这些unit表现为一个个配置文件。
systemd通过对这些配置文件进行标识和配置达到管理服务的目的:
这些unit文件中包含系统服务、监听socket(套接字)、保存的系统快照以及其他与init相关的信息保存以下目录;
- /usr/lib/systemd/system
- /run/systemd/system
- /etc/systemd/system
Unit的类型:
Service unit //文件扩展名为.service,用于定义系统服务
Target unit //文件扩展名为.target,用于模拟实现“运行级别”
runlevel0.target和poweroff.target //关机
runlevel1.target和rescue.target //单用户模式
runlevel2.target和multi-user.target //对于systemd来说,2/3/4级别没有区别
runlevel3.target和multi-user.target //对于systemd来说,2/3/4级别没有区别
runlevel4.target和multi-user.target //对于systemd来说,2/3/4级别没有区别
runlevel5.target和graphical.target //图形级别
runlevel6.target和reboot.target //重启
Device unit //文件扩展名为.device,用于定义内核识别的设备
Mount unit //文件扩展名为.mount,用于定义文件系统挂载点
Socket unit //文件扩展名为.socket,用于标识进程间通信用的socket文件
Snapshot unit //文件扩展名为.snapshot,用于管理系统快照
Swap unit //文件扩展名为.swap,用于标识swap设备
Automount unit //文件扩展名为.automount,用于实现文件系统的自动挂载点
Path unit //文件扩展名为.path,用于定义文件系统中的一个文件或目录
Unit关键特性
//基于socket的激活机制:
socket与服务程序分离,当有人去访问时才会真正启动服务,以此来实现按需激活进程与服务的并行启动
//基于bus的激活机制:
所有使用dbus实现进程间通信的服务,可以在第一次被访问时按需激活
//基于device的激活机制:
支持基于device激活的系统服务,可以在特定类型的硬件接入到系统中时,按需激活其所需要用到的服务
//基于path的激活机制:
某个文件路径变得可用,或里面出现新文件时就激活某服务
//系统快照:
保存各unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中,必要时能自动载入
//向后兼容sysv init脚本
使用systemctl管理服务
systemctl command [service name]
重要命令
systemctl start name.service #开启服务 systemctl restart name.service #重启服务
systemctl reload name.service #重新加载服务
systemctl stop nameservice #停止服务
systemctl enable name.service #开启服务开机自启
systemctl disable name.service #关闭服务开机自启
常用命令:
start name.service //启动服务
stop name.service //停止服务
restart name.service //重启服务
status name.service //查看服务状态
try-restart name.service //条件式重启服务,若服务已经启动则重启,若服务未启动则不做任何操作
reload-or-restart name.service //重载或重启服务,能reload则reload,否则restart
reload-or-try-restart name.service //重载或条件式重启服务,能reload则reload,否则try-restart
mask name.service //禁止设定为开机自启
unmask name.service //取消禁止设定为开机自启
list-dependencies name.service //查看服务的依赖关系
is-active name.service //查看某服务当前激活与否的状态
is-enabled name.service //查看服务是否开机自动启动
enable name.service //设定某服务开机自动启动
disable name.service //禁止服务开机自动启动
isolate name.target //切换至某级别,如systemctl isolate graphical.target就是切换至图形界面
list-unit-files --type service //查看所有服务的开机自动启动状态(是否开机自启)
list-units --type service //查看所有已经激活的服务状态信息
list-units --type target //查看所有已装载的级别
list-units --type service --all //查看所有服务(已启动/已停止)的状态信息
list-units --type target --all //查看所有的级别
get-default //查看默认运行级别
set-default name.target //设置默认运行级别
rescue //切换至紧急救援模式(大多数服务不启动,但是会加载驱动)
emergency //切换至emergency模式(驱动不会加载,系统不会初始化,服务不会启动)
halt //关机
poweroff //关机
reboot //重启
suspend //挂起系统,此时不能关机,否则无用
hibernate //创建并保存系统快照,下次系统重启时会自动载入快照
hybrid-sleep //混合睡眠,快照并挂起
systemctl list-dependencies serivicename
#查看服务依赖关系
[root@wcluser ~]# systemctl list-dependencies nginx.service
nginx.service
● ├─-.mount
● ├─system.slice
● └─sysinit.target
● ├─dev-hugepages.mount
● ├─dev-mqueue.mount
● ├─dracut-shutdown.service
● ├─import-state.service
● ├─iscsi.service
● ├─kmod-static-nodes.service
● ├─ldconfig.service
● ├─loadmodules.service
● ├─lvm2-lvmpolld.socket
● ├─lvm2-monitor.service
● ├─multipathd.service
● ├─nis-domainname.service
nginx.service
● ├─-.mount
● ├─system.slice
● └─sysinit.target
● ├─dev-hugepages.mount
● ├─dev-mqueue.mount
● ├─dracut-shutdown.service
● ├─import-state.service
● ├─iscsi.service
● ├─kmod-static-nodes.service
● ├─ldconfig.service
● ├─loadmodules.service
● ├─lvm2-lvmpolld.socket
● ├─lvm2-monitor.service
● ├─multipathd.service
● ├─nis-domainname.service
● ├─plymouth-read-write.service
● ├─plymouth-start.service
● ├─proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount
● ├─rngd.service
● ├─selinux-autorelabel-mark.service
● ├─sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount
● ├─sys-kernel-config.mount
● ├─sys-kernel-debug.mount
● ├─systemd-ask-password-console.path
● ├─systemd-binfmt.service
● ├─systemd-firstboot.service
● ├─systemd-hwdb-update.service
● ├─systemd-journal-catalog-update.service
● ├─systemd-journal-flush.service
lines 1-30
systemctl list-unit-files --type service
#查看所有服务的开机自启
[root@wcluser ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type service
UNIT FILE STATE
arp-ethers.service disabled
atd.service enabled
auditd.service enabled
auth-rpcgss-module.service static
autovt@.service enabled
blk-availability.service disabled
bolt.service static
chrony-dnssrv@.service static
chrony-wait.service disabled
chronyd.service enabled
clean-mount-point@.service static
cockpit-motd.service static
cockpit.service static
console-getty.service disabled
container-getty@.service static
cpupower.service disabled
crond.service enabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service enabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.portable1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service enabled
dbus.service static
debug-shell.service disabled
dm-event.service static
dnf-makecache.service static
dracut-cmdline.service static
dracut-initqueue.service static
lines 1-30
systemctl list-units --type service
#查看所有已激活的服务状态信息
[root@wcluser ~]# systemctl list-units --type service
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
atd.service loaded active running Job spooling tools
auditd.service loaded active running Security Auditing Service
chronyd.service loaded active running NTP client/server
crond.service loaded active running Command Scheduler
dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
dracut-shutdown.service loaded active exited Restore /run/initramfs on>
getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1
gssproxy.service loaded active running GSSAPI Proxy Daemon
import-state.service loaded active exited Import network configurat>
iscsi-shutdown.service loaded active exited Logout off all iSCSI sess>
kdump.service loaded active exited Crash recovery kernel arm>
kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required s>
libstoragemgmt.service loaded active running libstoragemgmt plug-in se>
lvm2-monitor.service loaded active exited Monitoring of LVM2 mirror>
lvm2-pvscan@259:2.service loaded active exited LVM event activation on d>
mcelog.service loaded active running Machine Check Exception L>
NetworkManager-wait-online.service loaded active exited Network Manager W>
NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager
nfs-idmapd.service loaded active running NFSv4 ID-name mapping ser>
nfs-mountd.service loaded active running NFS Mount Daemon
nfs-server.service loaded active exited NFS server and services
nginx.service loaded active running The nginx HTTP and revers>
nis-domainname.service loaded active exited Read and set NIS domainna>
polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager
rhsmcertd.service loaded active running Enable periodic update of>
rngd.service loaded active running Hardware RNG Entropy Gath>
rpc-statd-notify.service loaded active exited Notify NFS peers of a res>
rpc-statd.service loaded active running NFS status monitor for NF>
rpcbind.service loaded active running RPC Bind
lines 1-30
systemctl list-units --type service --all
#查看所有服务的(运行/停止)状态
[root@wcluser ~]# systemctl list-units --type service
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
atd.service loaded active running Job spooling tools
auditd.service loaded active running Security Auditing Service
chronyd.service loaded active running NTP client/server
crond.service loaded active running Command Scheduler
dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
dracut-shutdown.service loaded active exited Restore /run/initramfs on>
getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1
gssproxy.service loaded active running GSSAPI Proxy Daemon
import-state.service loaded active exited Import network configurat>
iscsi-shutdown.service loaded active exited Logout off all iSCSI sess>
kdump.service loaded active exited Crash recovery kernel arm>
kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required s>
libstoragemgmt.service loaded active running libstoragemgmt plug-in se>
lvm2-monitor.service loaded active exited Monitoring of LVM2 mirror>
lvm2-pvscan@259:2.service loaded active exited LVM event activation on d>
mcelog.service loaded active running Machine Check Exception L>
NetworkManager-wait-online.service loaded active exited Network Manager W>
NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager
nfs-idmapd.service loaded active running NFSv4 ID-name mapping ser>
nfs-mountd.service loaded active running NFS Mount Daemon
nfs-server.service loaded active exited NFS server and services
nginx.service loaded active running The nginx HTTP and revers>
nis-domainname.service loaded active exited Read and set NIS domainna>
polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager
rhsmcertd.service loaded active running Enable periodic update of>
rngd.service loaded active running Hardware RNG Entropy Gath>
rpc-statd-notify.service loaded active exited Notify NFS peers of a res>
rpc-statd.service loaded active running NFS status monitor for NF>
rpcbind.service loaded active running RPC Bind
lines 1-30
systemctl list-units --type target --all
#查看所有的级别
[root@wcluser ~]# systemctl list-units --type target --all
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
basic.target loaded active active Basic System
cryptsetup.target loaded active active Local Encrypted Volu>
emergency.target loaded inactive dead Emergency Mode
getty-pre.target loaded inactive dead Login Prompts (Pre)
getty.target loaded active active Login Prompts
graphical.target loaded inactive dead Graphical Interface
initrd-fs.target loaded inactive dead Initrd File Systems
initrd-root-device.target loaded inactive dead Initrd Root Device
initrd-root-fs.target loaded inactive dead Initrd Root File Sys>
initrd-switch-root.target loaded inactive dead Switch Root
initrd.target loaded inactive dead Initrd Default Target
local-fs-pre.target loaded active active Local File Systems (>
local-fs.target loaded active active Local File Systems
multi-user.target loaded active active Multi-User System
network-online.target loaded active active Network is Online
network-pre.target loaded inactive dead Network (Pre)
network.target loaded active active Network
nfs-client.target loaded active active NFS client services
nss-lookup.target loaded active active Host and Network Nam>
nss-user-lookup.target loaded active active User and Group Name >
paths.target loaded active active Paths
remote-fs-pre.target loaded active active Remote File Systems >
remote-fs.target loaded inactive dead Remote File Systems
rescue.target loaded inactive dead Rescue Mode
rpc_pipefs.target loaded active active rpc_pipefs.target
rpcbind.target loaded active active RPC Port Mapper
shutdown.target loaded inactive dead Shutdown
slices.target loaded active active Slices
sockets.target loaded active active Sockets
lines 1-30
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