概述
importmodulefrom module.xx.xx importxxfrom module.xx.xx importxx as renamefrom module.xx.xx import *
注:如果是文件夹(abc)里的文件(hgb.py),当要引用文件模块时—— from abc.hgb import *.
导入模块时是根据sys.path作为基准来进行
import sys
print sys.path
可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加
import sys
import os
project_path= os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
sys.path.append(project_path)
内置模块
一、sys(用于提供对Python解释器相关的操作)
1 sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径2
3 sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)4
5 sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息6
7 sys.maxint 最大的Int值8
9 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值10
11 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称12
13 sys.stdin 输入相关14
15 sys.stdout 输出相关16
17 sys.stderror 错误相关
sys基本知识
1 importsys2 importtime3
4
5 defview_bar(num, total):6 rate = float(num) /float(total)7 rate_num = int(rate * 100)8 r = 'r%d%%' %(rate_num, )9 sys.stdout.write(r)10 sys.stdout.flush()11
12
13 if __name__ == '__main__':14 for i in range(0, 100):15 time.sleep(0.1)16 view_bar(i, 100)17
18 进度百分比
例子(下载进度条)
二、os(用于提供系统级别的操作)
1 os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径2
3 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd4
5 os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.')6
7 os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..')8
9 os.makedirs('dir1/dir2') 可生成多层递归目录10
11 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推12
13 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname14
15 os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname16
17 os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印18
19 os.remove() 删除一个文件20
21 os.rename("oldname","new") 重命名文件/目录22
23 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息24
25 os.sep 操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\",Linux下为"/"
26
27 os.linesep 当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"tn",Linux下为"n"
28
29 os.pathsep 用于分割文件路径的字符串30
31 os.name 字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
32
33 os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令,直接显示34
35 os.environ 获取系统环境变量36
37 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径38
39 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回40
41 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素42
43 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素44
45 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False46
47 os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径,返回True48
49 os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False50
51 os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False52
53 os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略54
55 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间56
57 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
os基本知识
三、hashlib(用于加密相关的操作,代替了2.7版本md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法)
1 importhashlib2
3
4
5 ######### md5 ########
6
7 hash =hashlib.md5()8
9 #help(hash.update)
10
11 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))12
13 print(hash.hexdigest())14
15 print(hash.digest())16
17
18
19
20
21 ######## sha1 ########
22
23
24
25 hash =hashlib.sha1()26
27 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))28
29 print(hash.hexdigest())30
31
32
33 ######### sha256 ########
34
35
36
37 hash =hashlib.sha256()38
39 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))40
41 print(hash.hexdigest())42
43
44
45
46
47 ######### sha384 ########
48
49
50
51 hash =hashlib.sha384()52
53 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))54
55 print(hash.hexdigest())56
57
58
59 ######### sha512 ########
60
61
62
63 hash =hashlib.sha512()64
65 hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))66
67 print(hash.hexdigest())
以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害,但时候存在缺陷,即:通过撞库可以反解。所以,有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密
1 importhashlib2
3
4
5 ######### md5 ########
6
7
8
9 hash = hashlib.md5(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8"))10
11 hash.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8"))12
13 print(hash.hexdigest())
python内置还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 进行进一步的处理然后再加密
1 importhmac2
3
4
5 h = hmac.new(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8"))6
7 h.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8"))8
9 print(h.hexdigest())
四、random(随机数的生成)
1 importrandom2 checkcode = ''
3 for i in range(4):4 current = random.randrange(0,4)5 if current !=i:6 temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))7 else:8 temp = random.randint(0,9)9 checkcode +=str(temp)10 printcheckcode11
12 随机验证码
验证码
五、re(正则表达式)
1 字符:2
3
4 . 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符5 w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字6 s 匹配任意的空白符7 d 匹配数字8 b 匹配单词的开始或结束9 ^匹配字符串的开始10 $ 匹配字符串的结束11
12
13 次数:14
15
16 *重复零次或更多次17 +重复一次或更多次18 ? 重复零次或一次19 {n} 重复n次20 {n,} 重复n次或更多次21 {n,m} 重复n到m次
re基本字符意义
匹陪分为三种:
match(从起始位置开始匹配,匹配成功返回一个对象,未匹配成功返回None)_只有开头字符匹配到,才算成功
search(search,浏览整个字符串去匹配第一个,未匹配成功返回None)
findall(findall,获取非重复的匹配列表;如果有一个组则以列表形式返回,且每一个匹配均是字符串;如果模型中有多个组,则以列表形式返回,且每一个匹配均是元祖;空的匹配也会包含在结果中)
1 #无分组
2 r = re.match("hw+", origin)3 print(r.group()) #获取匹配到的所有结果
4 print(r.groups()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
5 print(r.groupdict()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
6
7 #有分组
8
9 #为何要有分组?提取匹配成功的指定内容(先匹配成功全部正则,再匹配成功的局部内容提取出来)
10
11 r = re.match("h(w+).*(?Pd)$", origin)12 print(r.group()) #获取匹配到的所有结果
13 print(r.groups()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
14 print(r.groupdict()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组中所有执行了key的组
15
16 Demo
match
1 #无分组
2
3 r = re.search("aw+", origin)4 print(r.group()) #获取匹配到的所有结果
5 print(r.groups()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
6 print(r.groupdict()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
7
8 #有分组
9
10 r = re.search("a(w+).*(?Pd)$", origin)11 print(r.group()) #获取匹配到的所有结果
12 print(r.groups()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
13 print(r.groupdict()) #获取模型中匹配到的分组中所有执行了key的组
14
15 demo
search
1 #无分组
2 r = re.findall("aw+",origin)3 print(r)4
5 #有分组
6 origin = "hello alex bcd abcd lge acd 19"
7 r = re.findall("a((w*)c)(d)", origin)8 print(r)
findall
sub(换匹配成功的指定位置字符串)
1 sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)2
3 #pattern: 正则模型
4
5 #repl : 要替换的字符串或可执行对象
6
7 #string : 要匹配的字符串
8
9 #count : 指定匹配个数
10
11 #flags : 匹配模式
12
13
14 #与分组无关
15
16 origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"
17 r = re.sub("aw+", "999", origin, 2)18 print(r)
sub知识
split(根据正则匹配分割字符串)
1 split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)2
3 #pattern: 正则模型
4
5 #string : 要匹配的字符串
6
7 #maxsplit:指定分割个数
8
9 #flags : 匹配模式
10
11
12 #无分组
13 origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"
14 r = re.split("alex", origin, 1)15 print(r)16
17 #有分组
18
19 origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"
20 r1 = re.split("(alex)", origin, 1)21 print(r1)22 r2 = re.split("(al(ex))", origin, 1)23 print(r2)24
25
26 IP:27 ^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)){3}$28 手机号:29 ^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]d{8}$30 邮箱:31 [a-zA-Z0-9_-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+(.[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)+
32
33 常用正则表达式
split
分隔的结果
['hello ', 'alex', ' bcd alex lge alex acd 19']
['hello ', 'alex', 'ex', ' bcd alex lge alex acd 19']
六、time(对时间操作)
时间相关的操作,时间有三种表示方式:
时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒,即:time.time()
格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11, 即:time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
结构化时间 元组包含了:年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即:time.localtime()
printtime.time()printtime.mktime(time.localtime())print time.gmtime() #可加时间戳参数
print time.localtime() #可加时间戳参数
print time.strptime('2014-11-11', '%Y-%m-%d')print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') #默认当前时间
print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d',time.localtime()) #默认当前时间
printtime.asctime()printtime.asctime(time.localtime())printtime.ctime(time.time())importdatetime'''datetime.date:表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, day
datetime.time:表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond
datetime.datetime:表示日期时间
datetime.timedelta:表示时间间隔,即两个时间点之间的长度
timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]])
strftime("%Y-%m-%d")'''
importdatetimeprintdatetime.datetime.now()print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=5)
time基本用法
%Y Year with century as a decimal number.%m Month as a decimal number [01,12].%d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].%H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].%M Minute as a decimal number [00,59].%S Second as a decimal number [00,61].%z Time zone offset fromUTC.%a Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
%A Locale's full weekday name.
%b Locale's abbreviated month name.
%B Locale's full month name.
%c Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
%I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].%p Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.
格式化占位符
格式化占位符
七、json和pickle模块(序列化)
Python中用于序列化的两个模块
json 用于【字符串】和 【python基本数据类型】 间进行转换 (注:当字符串转Python数据类型时,字符串里的str数据类型必须用双引号)
pickle 用于【python特有的类型】 和 【python基本数据类型】间进行转换
json与pickle在一定运用上是一致的
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
1 importjson2
3 dir_1 = {"name":"hgb","age":18}4 #dir change str
5 str_1 =json.dumps(dir_1)6
7 print(str_1)8
9 #str change dir
10 dir_2 = json.loads(str_1)
json
注:
pickle 与 json
pickle可以处理Python所有对象(用着存档)
json只能处理Python基本数据类型(列表,元祖,字典,字符,int)
八、XML模块(XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议)
XML文件格式如下:
2
2023
141100
5
2026
59900
69
2026
13600
1、解析XML(方法有两种)
#方法一:获取文件字符串后再解析
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET#打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()#将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root =ET.XML(str_xml)
利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象#方法二:直接解析xml文件
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET#直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")#获取xml文件的根节点
root =tree.getroot()
利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象
2、操作XML(运用节点功能对节点的操作)
1 classElement:2 """An XML element.3
4 This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.5
6 An element's length is its number of subelements. That means if you7 want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH8 its length AND its text attribute.9
10 The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either11 bytes or strings.12
13 *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing14 element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as15 keyword arguments.16
17 Example form:18 text...tail19
20 """
21
22 当前节点的标签名23 tag =None24 """The element's name."""
25
26 当前节点的属性27
28 attrib =None29 """Dictionary of the element's attributes."""
30
31 当前节点的内容32 text =None33 """
34 Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.35 Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either36 None or the empty string, depending on the parser.37
38 """
39
40 tail =None41 """
42 Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's43 start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there44 was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,45 depending on the parser.46
47 """
48
49 def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):50 if notisinstance(attrib, dict):51 raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" %(52 attrib.__class__.__name__,))53 attrib =attrib.copy()54 attrib.update(extra)55 self.tag =tag56 self.attrib =attrib57 self._children =[]58
59 def __repr__(self):60 return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))61
62 defmakeelement(self, tag, attrib):63 创建一个新节点64 """Create a new element with the same type.65
66 *tag* is a string containing the element name.67 *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.68
69 Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.70
71 """
72 return self.__class__(tag, attrib)73
74 defcopy(self):75 """Return copy of current element.76
77 This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the78 original tree.79
80 """
81 elem =self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)82 elem.text =self.text83 elem.tail =self.tail84 elem[:] =self85 returnelem86
87 def __len__(self):88 returnlen(self._children)89
90 def __bool__(self):91 warnings.warn(92 "The behavior of this method will change in future versions."
93 "Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",94 FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
95 )96 return len(self._children) != 0 #emulate old behaviour, for now
97
98 def __getitem__(self, index):99 returnself._children[index]100
101 def __setitem__(self, index, element):102 #if isinstance(index, slice):
103 #for elt in element:
104 #assert iselement(elt)
105 #else:
106 #assert iselement(element)
107 self._children[index] =element108
109 def __delitem__(self, index):110 delself._children[index]111
112 defappend(self, subelement):113 为当前节点追加一个子节点114 """Add *subelement* to the end of this element.115
116 The new element will appear in document order after the last existing117 subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),118 but before the end tag for this element.119
120 """
121 self._assert_is_element(subelement)122 self._children.append(subelement)123
124 defextend(self, elements):125 为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点126 """Append subelements from a sequence.127
128 *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements.129
130 """
131 for element inelements:132 self._assert_is_element(element)133 self._children.extend(elements)134
135 definsert(self, index, subelement):136 在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点,即:为当前节点创建子节点,然后插入指定位置137 """Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
138 self._assert_is_element(subelement)139 self._children.insert(index, subelement)140
141 def_assert_is_element(self, e):142 #Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
143 #shadowing C implementation.
144 if notisinstance(e, _Element_Py):145 raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__)146
147 defremove(self, subelement):148 在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点149 """Remove matching subelement.150
151 Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on152 identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by153 other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to154 select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update155 the parent element.156
157 ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found.158
159 """
160 #assert iselement(element)
161 self._children.remove(subelement)162
163 defgetchildren(self):164 获取所有的子节点(废弃)165 """(Deprecated) Return all subelements.166
167 Elements are returned in document order.168
169 """
170 warnings.warn(171 "This method will be removed in future versions."
172 "Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",173 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
174 )175 returnself._children176
177 def find(self, path, namespaces=None):178 获取第一个寻找到的子节点179 """Find first matching element by tag name or path.180
181 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,182 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.183
184 Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found.185
186 """
187 returnElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)188
189 def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):190 获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容191 """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.192
193 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,194 *default* is the value to return if the element was not found,195 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.196
197 Return text content of first matching element, or default value if198 none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text199 content, the empty string is returned.200
201 """
202 returnElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)203
204 def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):205 获取所有的子节点206 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.207
208 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,209 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.210
211 Returns list containing all matching elements in document order.212
213 """
214 returnElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)215
216 def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):217 获取所有指定的节点,并创建一个迭代器(可以被for循环)218 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.219
220 *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,221 *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.222
223 Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.224
225 """
226 returnElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)227
228 defclear(self):229 清空节点230 """Reset element.231
232 This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets233 the text and tail attributes to None.234
235 """
236 self.attrib.clear()237 self._children =[]238 self.text = self.tail =None239
240 def get(self, key, default=None):241 获取当前节点的属性值242 """Get element attribute.243
244 Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a245 bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and246 *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.247
248 Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if249 attribute was not found.250
251 """
252 returnself.attrib.get(key, default)253
254 defset(self, key, value):255 为当前节点设置属性值256 """Set element attribute.257
258 Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle259 this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and260 *value* is the attribute value to set it to.261
262 """
263 self.attrib[key] =value264
265 defkeys(self):266 获取当前节点的所有属性的 key267
268 """Get list of attribute names.269
270 Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary271 Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys()272
273 """
274 returnself.attrib.keys()275
276 defitems(self):277 获取当前节点的所有属性值,每个属性都是一个键值对278 """Get element attributes as a sequence.279
280 The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to281 attrib.items().282
283 Return a list of (name, value) tuples.284
285 """
286 returnself.attrib.items()287
288 def iter(self, tag=None):289 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点,并返回一个迭代器(可以被for循环)。290 """Create tree iterator.291
292 The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document293 order, returning all elements with a matching tag.294
295 If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed296 elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the297 list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list.298
299 *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements)300
301 Return an iterator containing all the matching elements.302
303 """
304 if tag == "*":305 tag =None306 if tag is None or self.tag ==tag:307 yieldself308 for e inself._children:309 yield frome.iter(tag)310
311 #compatibility
312 def getiterator(self, tag=None):313 #Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
314 warnings.warn(315 "This method will be removed in future versions."
316 "Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.",317 PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
318 )319 returnlist(self.iter(tag))320
321 defitertext(self):322 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容,并返回一个迭代器(可以被for循环)。323 """Create text iterator.324
325 The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document326 order, returning all inner text.327
328 """
329 tag =self.tag330 if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is notNone:331 return
332 ifself.text:333 yieldself.text334 for e inself:335 yield frome.itertext()336 ife.tail:337 yielde.tail338
339 节点功能一览表
节点的功能
a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容(for node in root:)
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET############ 解析方式一 ############
"""# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)"""
############ 解析方式二 ############
#直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")#获取xml文件的根节点
root =tree.getroot()### 操作
#顶层标签
print(root.tag)#遍历XML文档的第二层
for child inroot:#第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
print(child.tag, child.attrib)#遍历XML文档的第三层
for i inchild:#第二层节点的标签名称和内容
print(i.tag,i.text)
获取所有节点信息
b、遍历XML中指定的节点( for node in root.iter('指定节点'): )
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET############ 解析方式一 ############
"""# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)"""
############ 解析方式二 ############
#直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")#获取xml文件的根节点
root =tree.getroot()### 操作
#顶层标签
print(root.tag)#遍历XML中所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):#节点的标签名称和内容
print(node.tag, node.text)
获取指定节点内容
c、修改节点内容(把内存里修改后的xml对象重新writer一次)(删除属性:del root.year['name'])
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET############ 解析方式一 ############
#打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()#将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root =ET.XML(str_xml)############ 操作 ############
#顶层标签
print(root.tag)#循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):#将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1node.text=str(new_year)#设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '18')#删除属性
del node.attrib['name']############ 保存文件 ############
tree =ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
解析字符串方式,修改,保存
解析字符串方式修改
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET############ 解析方式二 ############
#直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")#获取xml文件的根节点
root =tree.getroot()############ 操作 ############
#顶层标签
print(root.tag)#循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):#将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1node.text=str(new_year)#设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '18')#删除属性
del node.attrib['name']############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
解析文件方式,修改,保存
直接解析文件方式修改
两个方式区别:第一种方式把修改后的xml对象重新要解析回xml字符串(tree = ET.ElementTree(root))
d、删除节点 : root.remove(country)
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############
#打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()#将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root =ET.XML(str_xml)############ 操作 ############
#顶层标签
print(root.tag)#遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):#获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
rank = int(country.find('rank').text)if rank > 50:#删除指定country节点
root.remove(country)############ 保存文件 ############
tree =ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
解析字符串方式打开,删除,保存
删除节点
3、创建XML文档
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET#创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")#创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})#创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})#在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2= ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)#把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
tree=ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式(一)
方式一
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET#创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")#创建大儿子#son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})#创建小儿子#son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})#在大儿子中创建两个孙子#grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})#grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)#把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
tree=ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式(二)
方式二
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET#创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")#创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})#创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})#在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text= '孙子'et= ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式(三)
方式三
由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进,如果想要设置缩进的话, 需要修改保存方式:
from xml.etree importElementTree as ETfrom xml.dom importminidomdefprettify(elem):"""将节点转换成字符串,并添加缩进。"""rough_string= ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8')
reparsed=minidom.parseString(rough_string)return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="t")#创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")#创建大儿子#son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})#创建小儿子#son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})#在大儿子中创建两个孙子#grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})#grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)#把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
raw_str=prettify(root)
f= open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()
View Code
4、命名空间
详细介绍,点击此处
from xml.etree importElementTree as ET
ET.register_namespace('com',"http://www.company.com") #some name
#build a tree structure
root = ET.Element("{http://www.company.com}STUFF")
body= ET.SubElement(root, "{http://www.company.com}MORE_STUFF", attrib={"{http://www.company.com}hhh": "123"})
body.text= "STUFF EVERYWHERE!"
#wrap it in an ElementTree instance, and save as XML
tree =ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("page.xml",
xml_declaration=True,
encoding='utf-8',
method="xml")
命名空间
命名空间
九、request模块(http请求),第三方模块
1、安装
a.软件管理工具安装
pip3 install requests
b.源码安装
1)下载源码包,解压源码包
2)在python中,去到解压后的源码包目录,运行python stupe.exe install
2、使用模块
基本用法:
importrequests
ret= requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')print(ret.url)print(ret.text)
#1、无参数实例
importrequests
ret= requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')print(ret.url)print(ret.text)#2、有参数实例
importrequests
payload= {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret= requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)print(ret.url)print(ret.text)
GET请求
GET请求
#1、基本POST实例
importrequests
payload= {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret= requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)print(ret.text)#2、发送请求头和数据实例
importrequestsimportjson
url= 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'payload= {'some': 'data'}
headers= {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret= requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)print(ret.text)print(ret.cookies)
POST请求
POST请求
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url,**kwargs)
requests.delete(url,**kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url,**kwargs)#以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
其他请求
其他请求
更多requests模块相关的文档见:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
十、shutil模块(压缩、解压)
### 对文件或文件夹(内容,权限...)进行cope,和压缩(zipfile,tarfile) ###
1 #10、创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
2 #创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
3 #base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
4 #如:www =>保存至当前路径
5 #如:/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
6 #format: 压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
7 #root_dir: 要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
8 #owner: 用户,默认当前用户
9 #group: 组,默认当前组
10 #logger: 用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
shutil知识点
1 #1、文件内容的cope
2 #shutil.copyfileobj(open('con_file','r',encoding='utf-8'),open('new_file','w',encoding='utf-8'))
3
4 #2、文件cope
5 shutil.copyfile('xml_file.xml','new_fil2')6
7 #3、仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
8 shutil.copymode('f1.log', 'f2.log')9
10 #4、仅拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
11 shutil.copystat('f1.log', 'f2.log')12
13 #5、拷贝文件和权限
14 shutil.copy('f1.log', 'f2.log')15
16 #6、拷贝文件和状态信息
17 shutil.copy2('f1.log', 'f2.log')18
19 #7、递归的去拷贝文件夹
20 shutil.copytree('folder1', 'folder2', ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))21
22 #8、递归的去删除文件
23 shutil.rmtree('folder1')24
25 #9、递归的去移动文件,它类似mv命令,其实就是重命名
26 shutil.move('folder1', 'folder3')
ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/Downloads/test')
ret = shutil.make_archive("D:\python/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/UsersDownloads/test')
1 ### shutil 里调用了zipfile和tarfile模块 ###
2 importzipfile3
4 #压缩
5 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')6 z.write('a.log')7 z.write('data.data')8 z.close()9
10 #解压
11 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')12 z.extractall()13 z.close()14
15 importtarfile16
17 #压缩
18 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')19 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.log', arcname='bbs2.log')20 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.log', arcname='cmdb.log')21 tar.close()22
23 #解压
24 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')25 tar.extractall() #可设置解压地址
26 tar.close()
十一、subprocess模块(交互)
### subprocess模块 实现Python和其他系统(window,linux等)shell命令的交互
1 importsubprocess2 #1、call 执行命令,返回状态码
3 #sub = subprocess.call(["dir"],shell=False) 也会报错
4 #sub0 = subprocess.call('dir') 该写法会报“系统找不到指定的文件。”
5 #sub = subprocess.call('dir',shell=True)
6 #print(sub)
7
8 #2、check_call 执行命令,如果执行状态码是 0 ,则返回0,否则抛异常
9 #s2 = subprocess.check_call('ipconfig',shell=True)
10 #print(s2)
11
12 #3、执行命令,如果状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,否则抛异常
13 #s2 = subprocess.check_output(["echo","happy!"],shell=True)
14 #s1 = subprocess.check_output("echo 'happy'",shell=True)
15 #s0 = subprocess.check_output('dir',shell=True)
16 #print(s0) #返回是字节
17
18 ## 重点:用于执行复杂的系统命令(subprocess.Popen) ##
19
20 #1)简单命令
21 #ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
22 #ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
23
24 #2)到某个目录下,进行输入命令
25 #obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)
26
27 #3)输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python
28 ### 方法一 ###
29 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)30 obj.stdin.write("print(1)n")31 obj.stdin.write("print(2)")32 obj.stdin.close()33
34 cmd_out =obj.stdout.read()35 obj.stdout.close()36 cmd_error =obj.stderr.read()37 obj.stderr.close()38
39 print(cmd_out) #结果:1
40 print(cmd_error) #结果: 2
41
42 ### 方法二 ###
43 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)44 obj.stdin.write("print(1)n")45 obj.stdin.write("print(2)")46
47 out_error_list =obj.communicate()48 print(out_error_list) #结果:('1n2n', '')
49
50 ### 方法三 ###
51 obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)52 out_error_list = obj.communicate('print("hello")')53 print(out_error_list) #结果:('hellon', '')
subprocess运用
十二、logging模块(日志管理)
### logging模块(用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块) ###
### 注:只有level【当前写等级】大于【日志等级】时,日志文件才被记录
1 importlogging2
3 #1、单文件日志
4 """
5 #定义写入日志的文本格式6 logging.basicConfig(filename='new_fil2',7 format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(module)s: %(message)s',8 datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p',9 level=10)10 logging.debug('debug')11 logging.info('info')12 logging.warning('warning')13 logging.error('error')14 logging.critical('critical')15 #改命令可以设定level和写入的内容16 logging.log(20,'log')17 """
18
19 #2、多文件日志
20 ## 方法一 ##
21 """
22 # 定义文件23 file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler('l1_1.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8')24 ##定义写入日志文件里的文本格式(不用定义level)25 fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s")26 file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt)27
28 file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler('l1_2.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8')29 fmt = logging.Formatter() #没有定义内容,当文件输入时,只有要写入的内容30 file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt)31
32 # 定义日志33 logger1 = logging.Logger('s1', level=logging.ERROR) #定义name,定义level34 logger1.addHandler(file_1_1)35 logger1.addHandler(file_1_2)36
37 # 写日志38 logger1.critical('1111')39 """
40
41 ## 方法二 ##
42 #定义文件
43 file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler('l2_1.log', 'a')44 fmt =logging.Formatter()45 file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt)46
47 #定义日志
48 logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.INFO)49 logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)50
51 #写日志
52 logger2.critical('1111')
logging运用
十三、configparser模块(配置文件操作)
1 importconfigparser2 con =configparser.ConfigParser()3 #步骤一(必须要有):打开一个文件
4 red = con.read('con_file',encoding='utf-8')5 #print(red)
6 #获取文件的节点名称
7 sec =con.sections()8 print(sec)9 #对节点操作
10 #1)判断节点,或节点里的key是否存在
11 has = con.has_section('sdy')12 print(has)13 tu = con.has_option('sdy','age')14 print(tu)15 #2)设置节点,更改节点,删除节点
16
17 #con.add_section('love')
18 #con.set('love','long','1314')
19 #con.set('love','Y/N','Y')
20 #con.write(open('con_file','w'))
21
22 #con.remove_section('sb')
23 #con.write(open('con_file','w'))
24
25 #3)获取节点里的健值对
26 f0 = con.items('hgb') #获取该节点所有健值对
27 f1 = con.options('hgb') #获取该节点的所有key值
28 f2 = con.get('hgb','age') #获取该节点的age里的value值 :getint;getfloat;getboolean
29 print(f0,f1,f2)30
31 #4) 检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对
32 #删除
33 con.remove_option('section1', 'k1')34 con.write(open('con_file', 'w'))35
36 #设置( 没有就新增,有就修改)
37 con.set('section1', 'k10', "123")38 con.write(open('con_file', 'w'))
运用
十四、算法
1、二叉堆(from pythonds.trees.binheap import BinHeap)
BinaryHeap():创建一个空的二叉堆对象
insert(k):将新元素加入到堆中
findMin():返回堆中的最小项,最小项仍保留在堆中
delMin():返回堆中的最小项,同时从堆中删除
isEmpty():返回堆是否为空
size():返回堆中节点的个数
buildHeap(list):从一个包含节点的列表里创建新堆
基本操作
from pythonds.trees.binheap importBinHeap
bh=BinHeap()
bh.insert(5)
bh.insert(7)
bh.insert(3)
bh.insert(11)print(bh.delMin())print(bh.delMin())print(bh.delMin())print(bh.delMin())
例子
十五、处理命令行传递的参数(argparse)
详细内容请查看:https://blog.ixxoo.me/argparse.html
1 import argparse2 parser =argparse.ArgumentParser()3 parser.add_argument("square", type=int,4 help="display the square of a given number")5 parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", action="count",6 help="increase output verbosity")7 args =parser.parse_args()8 answer = args.square**2
9 if args.verbosity == 2:10 print "the square of {} equals {}".format(args.square, answer)11 elif args.verbosity == 1:12 print "{}^2 == {}".format(args.square, answer)13 else:14 print answer15
16 # type --指定参数的类型(默认是字符串)17 # "square" 指在文件里调用的名字,命令行无需传入参数名,(定位参数-必须要传入的参数)18 # "-v", "--verbosity" --指定外面使用的参数名,文件里调用的是‘verbosity’(可选传入参数)19 # help --指对参数做解析20 # action -- 命令行传入参数名时,参数=action定义的值(特殊值21 action="store_true"--相当True22 ;action="count" --参数传入的个数)23 #choice -- 参数的取值范围
最后
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