概述
习题二
1. 计算下列乘积:
(1) ( 4 3 1 1 − 2 3 5 7 0 ) ( 7 2 1 ) left(begin{array}{rrr}4 & 3 & 1 \ 1 & -2 & 3 \ 5 & 7 & 0end{array}right)left(begin{array}{l}7 \ 2 \ 1end{array}right) ⎝⎛4153−27130⎠⎞⎝⎛721⎠⎞;
(2) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) ( 3 2 1 ) (1,2,3)left(begin{array}{l}3 \ 2 \ 1end{array}right) (1,2,3)⎝⎛321⎠⎞;
(3) ( 2 1 3 ) ( − 1 , 2 ) left(begin{array}{l}2 \ 1 \ 3end{array}right)(-1,2) ⎝⎛213⎠⎞(−1,2);
(4) ( 2 1 4 0 1 − 1 3 4 ) ( 1 3 1 0 − 1 2 1 − 3 1 4 0 − 2 ) left(begin{array}{rrrr}2 & 1 & 4 & 0 \ 1 & -1 & 3 & 4end{array}right)left(begin{array}{rrr}1 & 3 & 1 \ 0 & -1 & 2 \ 1 & -3 & 1 \ 4 & 0 & -2end{array}right) (211−14304)⎝⎜⎜⎛10143−1−30121−2⎠⎟⎟⎞;
(5) ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ( a 11 a 12 a 13 a 12 a 22 a 23 a 13 a 23 a 33 ) ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) left(x_1, x_2, x_3right)left(begin{array}{lll}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \ a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23} \ a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}end{array}right)left(begin{array}{l}x_1 \ x_2 \ x_3end{array}right) (x1,x2,x3)⎝⎛a11a12a13a12a22a23a13a23a33⎠⎞⎝⎛x1x2x3⎠⎞.
2. 设 A = ( 1 1 1 1 1 − 1 1 − 1 1 ) , B = ( 1 2 3 − 1 − 2 4 0 5 1 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{rrr}1 & 1 & 1 \ 1 & 1 & -1 \ 1 & -1 & 1end{array}right), boldsymbol{B}=left(begin{array}{rrr}1 & 2 & 3 \ -1 & -2 & 4 \ 0 & 5 & 1end{array}right) A=⎝⎛11111−11−11⎠⎞,B=⎝⎛1−102−25341⎠⎞, 求 3 A B − 2 A 3 boldsymbol{A B}-2 boldsymbol{A} 3AB−2A 及 A T B boldsymbol{A}^{mathrm{T}} boldsymbol{B} ATB.
3. 已知两个线性变换
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left{begin{array} { l } { x _ { 1 } = 2 y _ { 1 } + y _ { 3 } , } \ { x _ { 2 } = - 2 y _ { 1 } + 3 y _ { 2 } + 2 y _ { 3 } , } \ { x _ { 3 } = 4 y _ { 1 } + y _ { 2 } + 5 y _ { 3 } , } end{array} left{begin{array}{l} y_1=-3 z_1+z_2, \ y_2=2 z_1+z_3, \ y_3=-z_2+3 z_3, end{array}right.right.
⎩⎨⎧x1=2y1+y3,x2=−2y1+3y2+2y3,x3=4y1+y2+5y3,⎩⎨⎧y1=−3z1+z2,y2=2z1+z3,y3=−z2+3z3,
求从
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x1,x2,x3 的线性变换.
4. 设 A = ( 1 2 1 3 ) , B = ( 1 0 1 2 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{ll}1 & 2 \ 1 & 3end{array}right), boldsymbol{B}=left(begin{array}{ll}1 & 0 \ 1 & 2end{array}right) A=(1123),B=(1102), 问 :
(1) A B = B A boldsymbol{A} boldsymbol{B}=boldsymbol{B} boldsymbol{A} AB=BA 吗?
(2) ( A + B ) 2 = A 2 + 2 A B + B 2 (A+B)^2=A^2+2 A B+B^2 (A+B)2=A2+2AB+B2 吗?
(3) ( A + B ) ( A − B ) = A 2 − B 2 (boldsymbol{A}+boldsymbol{B})(boldsymbol{A}-boldsymbol{B})=boldsymbol{A}^2-boldsymbol{B}^2 (A+B)(A−B)=A2−B2 吗?
5. 举反例说明下列命题是错误的:
(1) 若 A 2 = O boldsymbol{A}^2=boldsymbol{O} A2=O, 则 A = O boldsymbol{A}=boldsymbol{O} A=O;
(2) 若 A 2 = A boldsymbol{A}^2=boldsymbol{A} A2=A, 则 A = O boldsymbol{A}=boldsymbol{O} A=O 或 A = E boldsymbol{A}=boldsymbol{E} A=E;
(3) 若 A X = A Y boldsymbol{A} boldsymbol{X}=boldsymbol{A} boldsymbol{Y} AX=AY, 且 A ≠ O boldsymbol{A} neq boldsymbol{O} A=O, 则 X = Y boldsymbol{X}=boldsymbol{Y} X=Y.
6. (1) 设 A = ( 1 0 λ 1 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{ll}1 & 0 \ lambda & 1end{array}right) A=(1λ01), 求 A 2 , A 3 , ⋯ , A k ; boldsymbol{A}^2, boldsymbol{A}^3, cdots, boldsymbol{A}^k ; quad A2,A3,⋯,Ak; (2)设 A = ( λ 1 0 0 λ 1 0 0 λ ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{ccc}lambda & 1 & 0 \ 0 & lambda & 1 \ 0 & 0 & lambdaend{array}right) A=⎝⎛λ001λ001λ⎠⎞, 求 A 4 boldsymbol{A}^4 A4.
7. (1) 设 A = ( 3 1 1 − 3 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{rr}3 & 1 \ 1 & -3end{array}right) A=(311−3), 求 A 50 boldsymbol{A}^{50} A50 和 A 51 boldsymbol{A}^{51} A51;
(2)设 a = ( 2 1 − 3 ) , b = ( 1 2 4 ) , A = a b T boldsymbol{a}=left(begin{array}{r}2 \ 1 \ -3end{array}right), boldsymbol{b}=left(begin{array}{l}1 \ 2 \ 4end{array}right), boldsymbol{A}=boldsymbol{a} boldsymbol{b}^{mathrm{T}} a=⎝⎛21−3⎠⎞,b=⎝⎛124⎠⎞,A=abT, 求 A 100 boldsymbol{A}^{100} A100.
8. (1)设 A , B boldsymbol{A}, boldsymbol{B} A,B 为 n n n 阶矩阵, 且 A boldsymbol{A} A 为对称矩阵,证明 B T A B boldsymbol{B}^{mathrm{T}} boldsymbol{A B} BTAB 也是对称矩阵;
(2) 设 A , B boldsymbol{A}, boldsymbol{B} A,B 都是 n n n 阶对称矩阵,证明 A B boldsymbol{A B} AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是 A B = B A boldsymbol{A B}=boldsymbol{B A} AB=BA.
9. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:
(1) ( 1 2 2 5 ) left(begin{array}{ll}1 & 2 \ 2 & 5end{array}right) (1225);
(2) ( cos θ − sin θ sin θ cos θ ) left(begin{array}{rr}cos theta & -sin theta \ sin theta & cos thetaend{array}right) (cosθsinθ−sinθcosθ)
(3) ( 1 2 − 1 3 4 − 2 5 − 4 1 ) left(begin{array}{rrr}1 & 2 & -1 \ 3 & 4 & -2 \ 5 & -4 & 1end{array}right) ⎝⎛13524−4−1−21⎠⎞;
(4) ( a 1 0 a 2 ⋱ 0 a n ) ( a 1 a 2 ⋯ a n ≠ 0 ) left(begin{array}{cccc}a_1 & & & 0 \ & a_2 & & \ & & ddots & \ 0 & & & a_nend{array}right)left(a_1 a_2 cdots a_n neq 0right) ⎝⎜⎜⎛a10a2⋱0an⎠⎟⎟⎞(a1a2⋯an=0).
10. 已知线性变换
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left{begin{array}{l} x_1=2 y_1+2 y_2+y_3, \ x_2=3 y_1+y_2+5 y_3, \ x_3=3 y_1+2 y_2+3 y_3, end{array}right.
⎩⎨⎧x1=2y1+2y2+y3,x2=3y1+y2+5y3,x3=3y1+2y2+3y3,
求从变量
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y1,y2,y3 的线性变换.
11. 设 J boldsymbol{J} J 是元素全为 1 的 n ( ⩾ 2 ) n(geqslant 2) n(⩾2) 阶方阵. 证明 E − J boldsymbol{E}-boldsymbol{J} E−J 是可逆方阵, 且 ( E − J ) − 1 = E − 1 n − 1 J (boldsymbol{E}-boldsymbol{J})^{-1}=boldsymbol{E}-frac{1}{n-1} boldsymbol{J} (E−J)−1=E−n−11J, 这 里 E boldsymbol{E} E 是与 J boldsymbol{J} J 同阶的单位矩阵.
12. 设 A k = O boldsymbol{A}^k=boldsymbol{O} Ak=O ( k k k 为正整数 ), 证明
( E − A ) − 1 = E + A + A 2 + ⋯ + A h − 1 . (boldsymbol{E}-boldsymbol{A})^{-1}=boldsymbol{E}+boldsymbol{A}+boldsymbol{A}^2+cdots+boldsymbol{A}^{h-1} . (E−A)−1=E+A+A2+⋯+Ah−1.
13. 设方阵 A boldsymbol{A} A 满足 A 2 − A − 2 E = O boldsymbol{A}^2-boldsymbol{A}-2 boldsymbol{E}=boldsymbol{O} A2−A−2E=O, 证明 A boldsymbol{A} A 及 A + 2 E boldsymbol{A}+2 boldsymbol{E} A+2E 都可逆, 并求 A − 1 boldsymbol{A}^{-1} A−1 及 ( A + 2 E ) − 1 (boldsymbol{A}+2 boldsymbol{E})^{-1} (A+2E)−1.
14. 解下列矩阵方程 :
(1) ( 2 5 1 3 ) X = ( 4 − 6 2 1 ) left(begin{array}{ll}2 & 5 \ 1 & 3end{array}right) boldsymbol{X}=left(begin{array}{rr}4 & -6 \ 2 & 1end{array}right) (2153)X=(42−61)
(2) X ( 2 1 − 1 2 1 0 1 − 1 1 ) = ( 1 − 1 3 4 3 2 ) Xleft(begin{array}{rrr}2 & 1 & -1 \ 2 & 1 & 0 \ 1 & -1 & 1end{array}right)=left(begin{array}{rrr}1 & -1 & 3 \ 4 & 3 & 2end{array}right) X⎝⎛22111−1−101⎠⎞=(14−1332);
(3) ( 1 4 − 1 2 ) X ( 2 0 − 1 1 ) = ( 3 1 0 − 1 ) left(begin{array}{rr}1 & 4 \ -1 & 2end{array}right) boldsymbol{X}left(begin{array}{rr}2 & 0 \ -1 & 1end{array}right)=left(begin{array}{rr}3 & 1 \ 0 & -1end{array}right) (1−142)X(2−101)=(301−1);
(4) A X B = C boldsymbol{A} boldsymbol{X} boldsymbol{B}=boldsymbol{C} AXB=C, 其中 A = ( 2 1 5 4 ) , B = ( 1 3 3 1 4 3 1 3 4 ) , C = ( 1 0 − 1 1 − 2 0 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{ll}2 & 1 \ 5 & 4end{array}right), boldsymbol{B}=left(begin{array}{lll}1 & 3 & 3 \ 1 & 4 & 3 \ 1 & 3 & 4end{array}right), boldsymbol{C}=left(begin{array}{rrr}1 & 0 & -1 \ 1 & -2 & 0end{array}right) A=(2514),B=⎝⎛111343334⎠⎞,C=(110−2−10).
15. 分别应用克拉默法则和逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:
(1) { x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 1 , 2 x 1 + 2 x 2 + 5 x 3 = 2 3 x 1 + 5 x 2 + x 3 = 3 ; left{begin{array}{l}x_1+2 x_2+3 x_3=1, \ 2 x_1+2 x_2+5 x_3=2 \ 3 x_1+5 x_2+x_3=3 ;end{array}right. ⎩⎨⎧x1+2x2+3x3=1,2x1+2x2+5x3=23x1+5x2+x3=3;
(2) { x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 2 , x 1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 = 3 , x 1 + 3 x 2 + 9 x 3 = 5. left{begin{array}{l}x_1+x_2+x_3=2, \ x_1+2 x_2+4 x_3=3, \ x_1+3 x_2+9 x_3=5 .end{array}right. ⎩⎨⎧x1+x2+x3=2,x1+2x2+4x3=3,x1+3x2+9x3=5.
16. 设 A boldsymbol{A} A 为 3 阶矩阵, ∣ A ∣ = 1 2 |boldsymbol{A}|=frac{1}{2} ∣A∣=21, 求 ∣ ( 2 A ) − 1 − 5 A ∗ ∣ left|(2 boldsymbol{A})^{-1}-5 boldsymbol{A}^*right| ∣∣(2A)−1−5A∗∣∣.
17. 设 A = ( 0 3 3 1 1 0 − 1 2 3 ) , A B = A + 2 B boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{rrr}0 & 3 & 3 \ 1 & 1 & 0 \ -1 & 2 & 3end{array}right), boldsymbol{A B}=boldsymbol{A}+2 boldsymbol{B} A=⎝⎛01−1312303⎠⎞,AB=A+2B, 求 B boldsymbol{B} B.
18. 设 A = ( 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{lll}1 & 0 & 1 \ 0 & 2 & 0 \ 1 & 0 & 1end{array}right) A=⎝⎛101020101⎠⎞, 且 A B + E = A 2 + B boldsymbol{A} boldsymbol{B}+boldsymbol{E}=boldsymbol{A}^2+boldsymbol{B} AB+E=A2+B, 求 B boldsymbol{B} B.
19. 设 A = diag ( 1 , − 2 , 1 ) , A ∗ B A = 2 B A − 8 E boldsymbol{A}=operatorname{diag}(1,-2,1), boldsymbol{A}{ }^* boldsymbol{B} boldsymbol{A}=2 boldsymbol{B} boldsymbol{A}-8 boldsymbol{E} A=diag(1,−2,1),A∗BA=2BA−8E, 求 B boldsymbol{B} B.
20. 已知矩阵 A boldsymbol{A} A 的伴随矩阵 A ∗ = diag ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 8 ) boldsymbol{A}^*=operatorname{diag}(1,1,1,8) A∗=diag(1,1,1,8), 且 A B A − 1 = B A − 1 + 3 E boldsymbol{A} boldsymbol{B} boldsymbol{A}^{-1}=boldsymbol{B} boldsymbol{A}^{-1}+3 boldsymbol{E} ABA−1=BA−1+3E, 求 B boldsymbol{B} B.
21. 设 P − 1 A P = Λ boldsymbol{P}^{-1} boldsymbol{A P}=boldsymbol{Lambda} P−1AP=Λ, 其中 P = ( − 1 − 4 1 1 ) , Λ = ( − 1 0 0 2 ) boldsymbol{P}=left(begin{array}{rr}-1 & -4 \ 1 & 1end{array}right), boldsymbol{Lambda}=left(begin{array}{rr}-1 & 0 \ 0 & 2end{array}right) P=(−11−41),Λ=(−1002), 求 A 11 boldsymbol{A}^{11} A11.
22. 设 A P = P Λ boldsymbol{A P}=boldsymbol{P} boldsymbol{Lambda} AP=PΛ, 其中
P = ( 1 1 1 1 0 − 2 1 − 1 1 ) , Λ = ( − 1 1 5 ) , 求 φ ( A ) = A 8 ( 5 E − 6 A + A 2 ) . boldsymbol{P}=left(begin{array}{rrr} 1 & 1 & 1 \ 1 & 0 & -2 \ 1 & -1 & 1 end{array}right), boldsymbol{Lambda}=left(begin{array}{lll} -1 & & \ & 1 & \ & & 5 end{array}right) text {, 求 } varphi(boldsymbol{A})=boldsymbol{A}^8left(5 boldsymbol{E}-6 boldsymbol{A}+boldsymbol{A}^2right) text {. } P=⎝⎛11110−11−21⎠⎞,Λ=⎝⎛−115⎠⎞, 求 φ(A)=A8(5E−6A+A2).
23. 设矩阵 A boldsymbol{A} A 可逆, 证明其伴随矩阵 A ∗ A^* A∗ 也可逆, 且 ( A ∗ ) − 1 = ( A − 1 ) ∗ left(A^*right)^{-1}=left(A^{-1}right)^* (A∗)−1=(A−1)∗.
24. 设 n n n 阶矩阵 A boldsymbol{A} A 的伴随矩阵为 A ∗ boldsymbol{A}^* A∗, 证明:
(1) 若 ∣ A ∣ = 0 |boldsymbol{A}|=0 ∣A∣=0,则 ∣ A ∗ ∣ = 0 left|boldsymbol{A}^*right|=0 ∣A∗∣=0;
(2) ∣ A ∗ ∣ = ∣ A ∣ n − 1 left|boldsymbol{A}^*right|=|boldsymbol{A}|^{n-1} ∣A∗∣=∣A∣n−1.
25. 计算 ( 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 ) ( 1 0 3 1 0 1 2 − 1 0 0 − 2 3 0 0 0 − 3 ) left(begin{array}{llll}1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \ 0 & 0 & 2 & 1 \ 0 & 0 & 0 & 3end{array}right)left(begin{array}{rrrr}1 & 0 & 3 & 1 \ 0 & 1 & 2 & -1 \ 0 & 0 & -2 & 3 \ 0 & 0 & 0 & -3end{array}right) ⎝⎜⎜⎛1000210010200113⎠⎟⎟⎞⎝⎜⎜⎛1000010032−201−13−3⎠⎟⎟⎞.
26. 设 A = ( 3 4 0 0 4 − 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 ) boldsymbol{A}=left(begin{array}{rrrr}3 & 4 & 0 & 0 \ 4 & -3 & 0 & 0 \ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \ 0 & 0 & 2 & 2end{array}right) A=⎝⎜⎜⎛34004−30000220002⎠⎟⎟⎞, 求 ∣ A 8 ∣ left|boldsymbol{A}^8right| ∣∣A8∣∣ 及 A 4 boldsymbol{A}^4 A4.
27. 设 n n n 阶矩阵 A boldsymbol{A} A 及 s s s 阶矩阵 B boldsymbol{B} B 都可逆,求 ( O A B O ) − 1 left(begin{array}{ll}boldsymbol{O} & boldsymbol{A} \ boldsymbol{B} & boldsymbol{O}end{array}right)^{-1} (OBAO)−1.
28. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:
(1) ( 5 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 5 2 ) left(begin{array}{llll}5 & 2 & 0 & 0 \ 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 \ 0 & 0 & 8 & 3 \ 0 & 0 & 5 & 2end{array}right) ⎝⎜⎜⎛5200210000850032⎠⎟⎟⎞;
( 2 ) ( 0 0 1 5 2 1 0 4 3 0 ) (2)left(begin{array}{lll}0 & 0 & frac{1}{5} \ 2 & 1 & 0 \ 4 & 3 & 0end{array}right) (2)⎝⎛0240135100⎠⎞.
最后
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