MySQL精讲之三：DDL数据定义语句

【库的管理】# 创建库CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS books;# 修改库的字符集ALTER DATABASE books CHARACTER SET gbk;# 删除库DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS books;【表的管理】# 1.创建表CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS book(
	id INT,
	bName VARCHAR(20),
	authorID INT,
	publishDate DATETIME);DESC book;CREATE TABLE author(
	id INT,
	au_name VARCHAR(20),
	nation VARCHAR(10));DESC author;# 2.修改表# 修改列名ALTER TABLE book CHANGE COLUMN publishDate pubDate DATETIME;# 修改列的类型或约束ALTER TABLE book MODIFY COLUMN pubdate TIMESTAMP;# 添加新列ALTER TABLE author ADD COLUMN annual DOUBLE; # 添加新列作为第一个字段ALTER TABLE author ADD COLUMN newT1 INT FIRST;# 添加新列在指定的列后ALTER TABLE author ADD COLUMN newT2 INT AFTER newT1;# 删除列ALTER TABLE author DROP COLUMN annual;# 修改表名ALTER TABLE author RENAME TO book_author;# 3.表的删除DROP TABLE IF EXISTS book_author;SHOW TABLES;# 4.表的复制INSERT INTO author VALUES(1,'小樱','日本'),(2,'悟空','中国'),(3,'绿巨人','美国'),(4,'哪吒','中国');# 仅复制表的结构CREATE TABLE author2 LIKE author;# 复制表的结构+数据CREATE TABLE author3 SELECT * FROM author;# 只复制部分数据CREATE TABLE author4 SELECT id,au_name FROM author WHERE nation='中国';# 仅复制某些字段CREATE TABLE author5 SELECT id,au_name FROM author WHERE 1=2;

【整型】# 1.默认为有符号,可以添加unsigned设置为无符号CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tab_int(
	t1 INT, # 有符号
	t2 INT UNSIGNED, # 无符号
	t3 INT ZEROFILL #添加zerofill后自动变更为无符号整型,位数不够0填充.);DESC tab_int;SELECT * FROM tab_int;# 2.如果插入的数值超出了整型的范围,会报out of range异常INSERT INTO tab_int VALUES(2147483648,1);# 3.如果不设置长度,会有默认的长度,位数不够时0填充(前提是字段有ZEROFILL).

【枚举】CREATE TABLE tab_set(
	s1 SET('a','b','c'));INSERT INTO tab_set VALUES('a');INSERT INTO tab_set VALUES('c,a');INSERT INTO tab_set VALUES('a,b,c');# 插入后,内部会进行排序,如插入c,a会变成a,c

【日期类型】CREATE TABLE tab_date(
	t1 DATETIME, # 不受时区影响
	t2 TIMESTAMP # 受时区影响);INSERT INTO tab_date VALUES(NOW(),NOW());SET time_zon='+8:00';# 设置时区SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'time_zone'; #显示当前时区

【列级约束】
直接在字段名和类型后面追加约束类型。
注意：只支持默认、非空、主键、唯一，不支持外键约束CREATE DATABASE students;USE students;CREATE TABLE major(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY,# 主键
	majorName VARCHAR(20));CREATE TABLE stuinfo(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY,# 主键
	stuName VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, #非空
	gender CHAR(1) CHECK(gender='男' OR gender='女'),#检查
	seat INT UNIQUE,# 唯一
	age INT DEFAULT 18, #默认约束
	majorId INT REFERENCES major(id) # 外键);DESC stuinfo;SHOW INDEX FROM stuinfo; # 查看表中所有的索引,外键,唯一【表级约束】# 语法:[CONSTRAINT 约束名 ] 约束类型(字段名)DROP TABLE IF EXISTS stuinfo;CREATE TABLE stuinfo(
	id INT,
	stuname VARCHAR(20),
	gender CHAR(1),
	seat INT,
	age INT,
	majorid INT,
	CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY(id),# 主键
	CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE(seat), # 唯一
	CONSTRAINT ck CHECK(gender='男' OR gender='女'),# 检查(不报错,但无效)
	CONSTRAINT fk_stuinfo_major FOREIGN KEY(majorid) REFERENCES major(id) # 外键);SHOW INDEX FROM stuinfo;【修改表时添加约束】# 添加非空约束ALTER TABLE stuinfo MODIFY COLUMN stuname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL;# 添加默认约束ALTER TABLE stuinfo MODIFY COLUMN age INT DEFAULT 18;# 添加主键ALTER TABLE stuinfo MODIFY COLUMN id INT PRIMARY KEY;# 添加唯一键ALTER TABLE stuinfo MODIFY COLUMN seat INT UNIQUE;# 添加外键ALTER TABLE stuinfo ADD CONSTRAINT fk_stuinfo_major FOREIGN KEY(majorid) REFERENCES major(id);DESC stuinfo;SHOW INDEX FROM stuinfo;【修改表时删除约束】# 删除非空约束ALTER TABLE stuinfo MODIFY COLUMN stuname VARCHAR(20) NULL;# 删除默认约束ALTER TABLE stuinfo MODIFY COLUMN age INT;# 删除主键ALTER TABLE stuinfo DROP PRIMARY KEY;# 删除唯一ALTER TABLE stuinfo DROP INDEX seat;# 删除外键ALTER TABLE stuinfo DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_stuinfo_major;

【创建表时设置标识列】DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tab_identity;CREATE TABLE tab_identity(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, #设置自动自增
	NAME VARCHAR(20));INSERT INTO tab_identity VALUE(NULL,'花花');INSERT INTO tab_identity(NAME) VALUE('Hudie');SELECT * FROM tab_identity;SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%auto_increment%';SET auto_increment_increment=3;#设置步长为3# 起始值可以通过改变第一条记录的值来更改TRUNCATE TABLE tab_identity;【修改表时设置标识列】CREATE TABLE tab_identity(
	id INT, #设置自动自增
	NAME VARCHAR(20));# 设置主键和标识列ALTER TABLE tab_identity MODIFY COLUMN id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT;修改表时删除标识列【】ALTER TABLE tab_identity MODIFY COLUMN id INT;

【演示级联删除、级联置空】DROP TABLE major,stuinfoCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS major(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY,
	majorName VARCHAR(20));INSERT INTO majorVALUES(1,'Java'),(2,'Python'),(3,'Go');CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS stuinfo(
	id INT,
	stuname VARCHAR(20),
	gender CHAR(1),
	seat INT,
	age INT,
	majorid INT);INSERT INTO stuinfoSELECT 1,'join1','女',NULL,NULL,1 UNION ALLSELECT 2,'join2','女',NULL,NULL,1 UNION ALLSELECT 3,'join3','女',NULL,NULL,2 UNION ALLSELECT 4,'join4','女',NULL,NULL,2 UNION ALLSELECT 5,'join5','女',NULL,NULL,1 UNION ALLSELECT 6,'join6','女',NULL,NULL,3 UNION ALLSELECT 7,'join7','女',NULL,NULL,3 UNION ALLSELECT 8,'join8','女',NULL,NULL,1);SELECT * FROM major;SELECT * FROM stuinfo;# 传统方式添加外键ALTER TABLE stuinfo ADD CONSTRAINT fk_stu_major FOREIGN KEY(majorid) REFERENCES major(id);# 删除major表的3号专业# 方式1:级联删除#   先删除外键ALTER TABLE stuinfo DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_stu_major;#   添加外键时添加级联删除ALTER TABLE stuinfo ADD CONSTRAINT fk_stu_major FOREIGN KEY(majorid) REFERENCES major(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;DELETE FROM major WHERE id =3;# 方式2:级联置空#   先删除外键ALTER TABLE stuinfo DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_stu_major;#   添加外键时添加级联置空ALTER TABLE stuinfo ADD CONSTRAINT fk_stu_major FOREIGN KEY(majorid) REFERENCES major(id) ON DELETE SET NULL;DELETE FROM major WHERE id =2;