浅聊Java反射机制（三）

引入

即使没有学过反射，大家也一定会见过invoke方法。因为很多方法调用都是靠invoke方法，所以很多异常的抛出都会定位到invoke方法，比如下面的情形大家会很熟悉:

java.lang.NullPointerException
  at ......
  at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
  at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
  at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
  at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:497)

大家在看到异常抛出时，除了想要排除Bug，是不是同时也对这个神秘的invoke乃至invoke0方法有一些好奇呢？我们下面就来揭开它神秘的面纱，探寻底层的机制。
浅析invoke过程

上一篇文章我们讲过，invoke方法用来在运行时动态地调用某个实例的方法。它的实现如下：

@CallerSensitive
public Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args)
    throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException,
       InvocationTargetException
{
    if (!override) {
        if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
            Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
            checkAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
        }
    }
    MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;             // read volatile
    if (ma == null) {
        ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
    }
    return ma.invoke(obj, args);
}

我们根据invoke方法的实现，将其分为以下几步：
1、权限检查

invoke方法会首先检查AccessibleObject的override属性的值。AccessibleObject 类是 Field、Method 和 Constructor 对象的基类。它提供了将反射的对象标记为在使用时取消默认 Java 语言访问控制检查的能力。
override的值默认是false,表示需要权限调用规则，调用方法时需要检查权限;我们也可以用setAccessible方法设置为true,若override的值为true，表示忽略权限规则，调用方法时无需检查权限（也就是说可以调用任意的private方法，违反了封装）。
如果override属性为默认值false，则进行进一步的权限检查：
（1）首先用Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)方法检查方法是否为public，如果是的话跳出本步；如果不是public方法，那么用Reflection.getCallerClass()方法获取调用这个方法的Class对象，这是一个native方法:

@CallerSensitive
    public static native Class<?> getCallerClass();

在OpenJDK的源码中找到此方法的JNI入口(Reflection.c):

JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL Java_sun_reflect_Reflection_getCallerClass__
(JNIEnv *env, jclass unused)
{
    return JVM_GetCallerClass(env, JVM_CALLER_DEPTH);
}

其中JVM_GetCallerClass的源码如下，有兴趣的可以研究一下(位于jvm.cpp):

JVM_ENTRY(jclass, JVM_GetCallerClass(JNIEnv* env, int depth))
  JVMWrapper("JVM_GetCallerClass");
  // Pre-JDK 8 and early builds of JDK 8 don't have a CallerSensitive annotation; or
  // sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass with a depth parameter is provided
  // temporarily for existing code to use until a replacement API is defined.
  if (SystemDictionary::reflect_CallerSensitive_klass() == NULL || depth != JVM_CALLER_DEPTH) {
    Klass* k = thread->security_get_caller_class(depth);
    return (k == NULL) ? NULL : (jclass) JNIHandles::make_local(env, k->java_mirror());
  }
  // Getting the class of the caller frame.
  //
  // The call stack at this point looks something like this:
  //
  // [0] [ @CallerSensitive public sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass ]
  // [1] [ @CallerSensitive API.method                                   ]
  // [.] [ (skipped intermediate frames)                                 ]
  // [n] [ caller                                                        ]
  vframeStream vfst(thread);
  // Cf. LibraryCallKit::inline_native_Reflection_getCallerClass
  for (int n = 0; !vfst.at_end(); vfst.security_next(), n++) {
    Method* m = vfst.method();
    assert(m != NULL, "sanity");
    switch (n) {
    case 0:
      // This must only be called from Reflection.getCallerClass
      if (m->intrinsic_id() != vmIntrinsics::_getCallerClass) {
        THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), "JVM_GetCallerClass must only be called from Reflection.getCallerClass");
      }
      // fall-through
    case 1:
      // Frame 0 and 1 must be caller sensitive.
      if (!m->caller_sensitive()) {
        THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), err_msg("CallerSensitive annotation expected at frame %d", n));
      }
      break;
    default:
      if (!m->is_ignored_by_security_stack_walk()) {
        // We have reached the desired frame; return the holder class.
        return (jclass) JNIHandles::make_local(env, m->method_holder()->java_mirror());
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
JVM_END

获取了这个Class对象caller后用checkAccess方法做一次快速的权限校验，其实现为:

volatile Object securityCheckCache;
    void checkAccess(Class<?> caller, Class<?> clazz, Object obj, int modifiers)
        throws IllegalAccessException
    {
        if (caller == clazz) {  // 快速校验
            return;             // 权限通过校验
        }
        Object cache = securityCheckCache;  // read volatile
        Class<?> targetClass = clazz;
        if (obj != null
            && Modifier.isProtected(modifiers)
            && ((targetClass = obj.getClass()) != clazz)) {
            // Must match a 2-list of { caller, targetClass }.
            if (cache instanceof Class[]) {
                Class<?>[] cache2 = (Class<?>[]) cache;
                if (cache2[1] == targetClass &&
                    cache2[0] == caller) {
                    return;     // ACCESS IS OK
                }
                // (Test cache[1] first since range check for [1]
                // subsumes range check for [0].)
            }
        } else if (cache == caller) {
            // Non-protected case (or obj.class == this.clazz).
            return;             // ACCESS IS OK
        }
        // If no return, fall through to the slow path.
        slowCheckMemberAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers, targetClass);
    }

首先先执行一次快速校验，一旦调用方法的Class正确则权限检查通过。
若未通过，则创建一个缓存，中间再进行一堆检查（比如检验是否为protected属性）。
如果上面的所有权限检查都未通过，那么将执行更详细的检查，其实现为：

// Keep all this slow stuff out of line:
void slowCheckMemberAccess(Class<?> caller, Class<?> clazz, Object obj, int modifiers,
                           Class<?> targetClass)
    throws IllegalAccessException
{
    Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
    // Success: Update the cache.
    Object cache = ((targetClass == clazz)
                    ? caller
                    : new Class<?>[] { caller, targetClass });
    // Note:  The two cache elements are not volatile,
    // but they are effectively final.  The Java memory model
    // guarantees that the initializing stores for the cache
    // elements will occur before the volatile write.
    securityCheckCache = cache;         // write volatile
}

大体意思就是，用Reflection.ensureMemberAccess方法继续检查权限，若检查通过就更新缓存，这样下一次同一个类调用同一个方法时就不用执行权限检查了，这是一种简单的缓存机制。由于JMM的happens-before规则能够保证缓存初始化能够在写缓存之前发生，因此两个cache不需要声明为volatile。
到这里，前期的权限检查工作就结束了。如果没有通过检查则会抛出异常，如果通过了检查则会到下一步。
2、调用MethodAccessor的invoke方法

Method.invoke()实际上并不是自己实现的反射调用逻辑，而是委托给sun.reflect.MethodAccessor来处理。
首先要了解Method对象的基本构成，每个Java方法有且只有一个Method对象作为root，它相当于根对象，对用户不可见。当我们创建Method对象时，我们代码中获得的Method对象都相当于它的副本（或引用）。root对象持有一个MethodAccessor对象，所以所有获取到的Method对象都共享这一个MethodAccessor对象，因此必须保证它在内存中的可见性。root对象其声明及注释为：

private volatile MethodAccessor methodAccessor;
// For sharing of MethodAccessors. This branching structure is
// currently only two levels deep (i.e., one root Method and
// potentially many Method objects pointing to it.)
//
// If this branching structure would ever contain cycles, deadlocks can
// occur in annotation code.
private Method  root;

那么MethodAccessor到底是个啥玩意呢？

/** This interface provides the declaration for
    java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(). Each Method object is
    configured with a (possibly dynamically-generated) class which
    implements this interface.
*/
    public interface MethodAccessor {
    /** Matches specification in {@link java.lang.reflect.Method} */
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException;
}

可以看到MethodAccessor是一个接口，定义了invoke方法。分析其Usage可得它的具体实现类有:

    sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl
    sun.reflect.MethodAccessorImpl
    sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl

第一次调用一个Java方法对应的Method对象的invoke()方法之前，实现调用逻辑的MethodAccessor对象还没有创建；等第一次调用时才新创建MethodAccessor并更新给root，然后调用MethodAccessor.invoke()完成反射调用：

// NOTE that there is no synchronization used here. It is correct
// (though not efficient) to generate more than one MethodAccessor
// for a given Method. However, avoiding synchronization will
// probably make the implementation more scalable.
private MethodAccessor acquireMethodAccessor() {
    // First check to see if one has been created yet, and take it
    // if so
    MethodAccessor tmp = null;
    if (root != null) tmp = root.getMethodAccessor();
    if (tmp != null) {
        methodAccessor = tmp;
    } else {
        // Otherwise fabricate one and propagate it up to the root
        tmp = reflectionFactory.newMethodAccessor(this);
        setMethodAccessor(tmp);
    }
    return tmp;
}

可以看到methodAccessor实例由reflectionFactory对象操控生成，它在AccessibleObject下的声明如下:

// Reflection factory used by subclasses for creating field,
// method, and constructor accessors. Note that this is called
// very early in the bootstrapping process.
static final ReflectionFactory reflectionFactory =
    AccessController.doPrivileged(
        new sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory.GetReflectionFactoryAction());

再研究一下sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory类的源码：
public class ReflectionFactory {
    private static boolean initted = false;
    private static Permission reflectionFactoryAccessPerm
        = new RuntimePermission("reflectionFactoryAccess");
    private static ReflectionFactory soleInstance = new ReflectionFactory();
    // Provides access to package-private mechanisms in java.lang.reflect
    private static volatile LangReflectAccess langReflectAccess;
    // 这里设计得非常巧妙
    // "Inflation" mechanism. Loading bytecodes to implement
    // Method.invoke() and Constructor.newInstance() currently costs
    // 3-4x more than an invocation via native code for the first
    // invocation (though subsequent invocations have been benchmarked
    // to be over 20x faster). Unfortunately this cost increases
    // startup time for certain applications that use reflection
    // intensively (but only once per class) to bootstrap themselves.
    // To avoid this penalty we reuse the existing JVM entry points
    // for the first few invocations of Methods and Constructors and
    // then switch to the bytecode-based implementations.
    //
    // Package-private to be accessible to NativeMethodAccessorImpl
    // and NativeConstructorAccessorImpl
    private static boolean noInflation        = false;
    private static int     inflationThreshold = 15;
    //......
    //这是生成MethodAccessor的方法
    public MethodAccessor newMethodAccessor(Method method) {
        checkInitted();
        if (noInflation && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            return new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                               method.getName(),
                               method.getParameterTypes(),
                               method.getReturnType(),
                               method.getExceptionTypes(),
                               method.getModifiers());
        } else {
            NativeMethodAccessorImpl acc =
                new NativeMethodAccessorImpl(method);
            DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl res =
                new DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(acc);
            acc.setParent(res);
            return res;
        }
    }
    //......
    /** We have to defer full initialization of this class until after
    the static initializer is run since java.lang.reflect.Method's
    static initializer (more properly, that for
    java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject) causes this class's to be
    run, before the system properties are set up. */
    private static void checkInitted() {
        if (initted) return;
        AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                public Void run() {
                    // Tests to ensure the system properties table is fully
                    // initialized. This is needed because reflection code is
                    // called very early in the initialization process (before
                    // command-line arguments have been parsed and therefore
                    // these user-settable properties installed.) We assume that
                    // if System.out is non-null then the System class has been
                    // fully initialized and that the bulk of the startup code
                    // has been run.
                    if (System.out == null) {
                        // java.lang.System not yet fully initialized
                        return null;
                    }
                    String val = System.getProperty("sun.reflect.noInflation");
                    if (val != null && val.equals("true")) {
                        noInflation = true;
                    }
                    val = System.getProperty("sun.reflect.inflationThreshold");
                    if (val != null) {
                        try {
                            inflationThreshold = Integer.parseInt(val);
                        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("Unable to parse property sun.reflect.inflationThreshold", e);
                        }
                    }
                    initted = true;
                    return null;
                }
            });
    }
}

观察前面的声明部分的注释，我们可以发现一些有趣的东西。就像注释里说的，实际的MethodAccessor实现有两个版本，一个是Java版本，一个是native版本，两者各有特点。初次启动时Method.invoke()和Constructor.newInstance()方法采用native方法要比Java方法快3-4倍，而启动后native方法又要消耗额外的性能而慢于Java方法。也就是说，Java实现的版本在初始化时需要较多时间，但长久来说性能较好；native版本正好相反，启动时相对较快，但运行时间长了之后速度就比不过Java版了。这是HotSpot的优化方式带来的性能特性，同时也是许多虚拟机的共同点：跨越native边界会对优化有阻碍作用，它就像个黑箱一样让虚拟机难以分析也将其内联，于是运行时间长了之后反而是托管版本的代码更快些。

为了尽可能地减少性能损耗，HotSpot JDK采用“inflation”的技巧：让Java方法在被反射调用时，开头若干次使用native版，等反射调用次数超过阈值时则生成一个专用的MethodAccessor实现类，生成其中的invoke()方法的字节码，以后对该Java方法的反射调用就会使用Java版本。 这项优化是从JDK 1.4开始的。

研究ReflectionFactory.newMethodAccessor()生产MethodAccessor对象的逻辑，一开始(native版)会生产NativeMethodAccessorImpl和DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl两个对象。
DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl的源码如下：

/** Delegates its invocation to another MethodAccessorImpl and can
    change its delegate at run time. */
class DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {
    private MethodAccessorImpl delegate;
    DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(MethodAccessorImpl delegate) {
        setDelegate(delegate);
    }
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        return delegate.invoke(obj, args);
    }
    void setDelegate(MethodAccessorImpl delegate) {
        this.delegate = delegate;
    }
}

它其实是一个中间层，方便在native版与Java版的MethodAccessor之间进行切换。
然后下面就是native版MethodAccessor的Java方面的声明：
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl：

/** Used only for the first few invocations of a Method; afterward,
    switches to bytecode-based implementation */
class NativeMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {
    private Method method;
    private DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl parent;
    private int numInvocations;
    NativeMethodAccessorImpl(Method method) {
        this.method = method;
    }
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        // We can't inflate methods belonging to vm-anonymous classes because
        // that kind of class can't be referred to by name, hence can't be
        // found from the generated bytecode.
        if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()
                && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            MethodAccessorImpl acc = (MethodAccessorImpl)
                new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                    generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                                   method.getName(),
                                   method.getParameterTypes(),
                                   method.getReturnType(),
                                   method.getExceptionTypes(),
                                   method.getModifiers());
            parent.setDelegate(acc);
        }
        return invoke0(method, obj, args);
    }
    void setParent(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl parent) {
        this.parent = parent;
    }
    private static native Object invoke0(Method m, Object obj, Object[] args);
}

每次NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke()方法被调用时，程序调用计数器都会增加1，看看是否超过阈值；一旦超过，则调用MethodAccessorGenerator.generateMethod()来生成Java版的MethodAccessor的实现类，并且改变DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl所引用的MethodAccessor为Java版。后续经由DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke()调用到的就是Java版的实现了。
到这里，我们已经追寻到native版的invoke方法在Java一侧声明的最底层 - invoke0了，下面我们将深入到HotSpot JVM中去研究其具体实现。
寻根溯源 - 在JVM层面探究invoke0方法

invoke0方法是一个native方法,它在HotSpot JVM里调用JVM_InvokeMethod函数:

JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_sun_reflect_NativeMethodAccessorImpl_invoke0
(JNIEnv *env, jclass unused, jobject m, jobject obj, jobjectArray args)
{
    return JVM_InvokeMethod(env, m, obj, args);
}

openjdk/hotspot/src/share/vm/prims/jvm.cpp

JVM_ENTRY(jobject, JVM_InvokeMethod(JNIEnv *env, jobject method, jobject obj, jobjectArray args0))
  JVMWrapper("JVM_InvokeMethod");
  Handle method_handle;
  if (thread->stack_available((address) &method_handle) >= JVMInvokeMethodSlack) {
    method_handle = Handle(THREAD, JNIHandles::resolve(method));
    Handle receiver(THREAD, JNIHandles::resolve(obj));
    objArrayHandle args(THREAD, objArrayOop(JNIHandles::resolve(args0)));
    oop result = Reflection::invoke_method(method_handle(), receiver, args, CHECK_NULL);
    jobject res = JNIHandles::make_local(env, result);
    if (JvmtiExport::should_post_vm_object_alloc()) {
      oop ret_type = java_lang_reflect_Method::return_type(method_handle());
      assert(ret_type != NULL, "sanity check: ret_type oop must not be NULL!");
      if (java_lang_Class::is_primitive(ret_type)) {
        // Only for primitive type vm allocates memory for java object.
        // See box() method.
        JvmtiExport::post_vm_object_alloc(JavaThread::current(), result);
      }
    }
    return res;
  } else {
    THROW_0(vmSymbols::java_lang_StackOverflowError());
  }
JVM_END

其关键部分为Reflection::invoke_method:
openjdk/hotspot/src/share/vm/runtime/reflection.cpp

oop Reflection::invoke_method(oop method_mirror, Handle receiver, objArrayHandle args, TRAPS) {
  oop mirror             = java_lang_reflect_Method::clazz(method_mirror);
  int slot               = java_lang_reflect_Method::slot(method_mirror);
  bool override          = java_lang_reflect_Method::override(method_mirror) != 0;
  objArrayHandle ptypes(THREAD, objArrayOop(java_lang_reflect_Method::parameter_types(method_mirror)));
  oop return_type_mirror = java_lang_reflect_Method::return_type(method_mirror);
  BasicType rtype;
  if (java_lang_Class::is_primitive(return_type_mirror)) {
    rtype = basic_type_mirror_to_basic_type(return_type_mirror, CHECK_NULL);
  } else {
    rtype = T_OBJECT;
  }
  instanceKlassHandle klass(THREAD, java_lang_Class::as_Klass(mirror));
  Method* m = klass->method_with_idnum(slot);
  if (m == NULL) {
    THROW_MSG_0(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), "invoke");
  }
  methodHandle method(THREAD, m);
  return invoke(klass, method, receiver, override, ptypes, rtype, args, true, THREAD);
}

这里面又会涉及到Java的对象模型(klass和oop)

最后

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