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Understanding and Analyzing iOS Application Crash Reports

When an application crashes, a "crash report" is created which is very useful for understanding what caused the crash. This document contains essential information about how to symbolicate, understand, and interpret crash reports.

Introduction

When an application crashes on an iOS device, a "crash report" is created and stored on the device. Crash reports describe the conditions under which the application terminated, in most cases including a complete stack trace for each executing thread, and are typically very useful for debugging issues in the application. If you are an iOS developer, you should look at these crash reports to understand what crashes your application is having, and then try to fix them.

Low memory reports differ from other crash reports in that there are no stack traces in this type of reports. When a low memory crash happens, you must investigate your memory usage patterns and your responses to low memory warnings. This document points to you several memory management references that you might find useful.

Crash reports with stack traces need to be symbolicated before they can be analyzed. Symoblication replaces memory addresses with human-readable function names and line numbers. If you get crash logs off a device through Xcode's Organizer window, then they will be symbolicated for you automatically after a few seconds. Otherwise you will need to symbolicate the .crash file yourself by importing it to the Xcode Organizer. See Symbolication for details.

This document also talks about exception codes, another useful information for identifying the cause of the crash.

Understanding Low Memory Reports

When a low-memory condition is detected, the virtual memory system in iOS relies on the cooperation of applications to release memory. Low-memory notifications are sent to all running applications and processes as a request to free up memory, hoping to reduce the amount of memory in use. If memory pressure still exists, the system may terminate background processes to ease memory pressure. If enough memory can be freed up, your application will continue to run and no crash report will be generated. If not, your application will be terminated by iOS because there isn't enough memory to satisfy the application's demands, and a low memory report will be generated and stored on the device.

The format of a low memory report differs from other crash reports in that there are no stack traces for the application threads. Memory usage of each process is reported in terms of number of memory pages, which as of this writing are 4KB each. You will see "(jettisoned)" next to the name of any process terminated by iOS to free up memory. If you see it next to your application's name, that confirms the application was terminated for using too much memory. Otherwise, the cause of the crash was not memory pressure. Look for a .crash file (described in the next section) for more information.

When you see a low memory crash, rather than be concerned about what part of your code was executing at the time of termination, you should investigate your memory usage patterns and your responses to low memory warnings. Memory Allocations Help lists detailed steps on how to use the Leaks Instrument to discover memory leaks, and how to use the Allocations Instrument's Mark Heap feature to avoid abandoned memory. Memory Usage Performance Guidelines discusses the proper ways to respond to low-memory notifications as well as many tips for using memory effectively. It is also recommended that you check out the WWDC 2010 session, Advanced Memory Analysis with Instruments.

Analyzing Crash Reports

Unlike the low memory reports, most crash reports contain stack traces for each thread at the time of termination. This section discusses these reports.

Symbolication

The most interesting part of a crash report is the stack trace of your application at the time execution halted. This trace is similar to what you would see when stopping execution in the debugger, except that you are not given the method or function names, known as symbols. Instead, you have hexadecimal addresses and executable code - your application or system frameworks - to which they refer. You need to map these addresses to symbols. The logs do not contain symbol information when they're written out. You have to symbolicate the logs before you can analyze them.

Symbolication - resolving stack trace addresses to source code methods and lines - requires the application binary that was uploaded to the App Store and the .dSYM file that was generated when that binary was built. This must be an exact match - otherwise, the report cannot be fully symbolicated. It is essential that you keep each build distributed to users (regardless of the details of that distribution) with its .dSYM file.

Xcode's "Archive" command makes it easy keeping the matching binary and the .dSYM. When you use the "Archive" command (by choosing "Archive" from the "Product" menu or by pressing Shift+Command+B), Xcode will gather the application binary and the .dSYM containing symbol information together and store them in a location in your home folder. You can find all of your archived applications in the Xcode Organizer under the "Archived" section. Xcode will automatically search archived applications when symbolicating crash reports, and you can submit archived applications directly to iTunes Connect ensuring that the application and .dSYM that you have archived match what you release.

Xcode will automatically symbolicate all crash reports that it encounters, if it has the .dSYM and application binary that produced the crash report. Given a crash report, the matching binary, and its .dSYM file, all you need to do for symbolication is to add the crash report to the Xcode Organizer. Open the Xcode Organizer, select the “Devices” tab, select “Device Logs” under “LIBRARY” on the top of the sidebar, click the "Import" button and select the .crash file. When it's done, Xcode will automatically symbolicate the crash report and display the results.

Exception codes

About 16 lines into the crash log, you will see a line that starts with the text followed by one or more hexadecimal values, which are processor-specific codes that may give you more information on the nature of the crash. You may tell from these codes if the application crashed due to a programming error (for example, a bad memory access, an exception, etc), or if the application was terminated for some other reason, for example:

• The exception code 0x8badf00d indicates that an application has been terminated by iOS because a watchdog timeout occurred. The application took too long to launch, terminate, or respond to system events. One common cause of this is doing synchronous networking on the main thread.

• The exception code 0xbad22222 indicates that a VoIP application has been terminated by iOS because it resumed too frequently.

• The exception code 0xdead10cc indicates that an applicaiton has been terminated by iOS because it held on to a system resource (like the address book database) while running in the background.

• The exception code 0xdeadfa11 indicated that an application has been force quit by the user. Force quits occur when the user first holds down the On/Off button until "slide to power off" appears, then holds down the Home button. It's reasonable to assume that the user has done this because the application has become unresponsive, but it's not guaranteed - force quit will work on any application.

  Note: Terminating a suspended app by removing it from the multitasking tray does not generate a crash log. Once an app has suspended, it is eligible for termination by iOS at any time, so no crash log will be generated.

Related Documents

For information about how to acquire a crash report, see Debugging Deployed iOS Apps.

For information about how to use the Instruments Zombies template to fix memory overrelease crashes, see Finding Messages Sent To Deallocated Objects.

For more information about application archiving, see the Distributing Applications section of the Xcode 4 User Guide and Testing Workflow with Xcode's Archive feature.

For more information about interpreting crash logs, see Understanding Crash Reports on iPhone OS WWDC 2010 Session.

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