教你在Nginx上使用CertBot把自己网站设置成HTTPS

前言

自己做了一个博客，需要访问自己的网站获取数据，但是系统默认只能直接访问https的网站。不想让应用改用http的服务。因此，研究如何启用https，本文即是介绍如何在CentOS上配合Nginx使用CertBot。

环境

• Ubuntu

• Nginx

安装CertBot

命令行，键入：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository universe
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbot
sudo apt-get update

然后，可以使用以下命令安装certbot：

sudo apt-get install certbot python-certbot-nginx

sudo certbot --nginx

IMPORTANT NOTES:
 - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at
   /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.domain.com/fullchain.pem. Your cert
   will expire on 20XX-09-23. To obtain a new or tweaked version of
   this certificate in the future, simply run certbot again. To
   non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run "certbot
   renew"
 - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:

   Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le

配置Nginx

目前已经自动帮我们配置证书了，我们可以看下配置的形式，后续可以自己配置。

server {
        server_name bbs.wzlinux.com;   # managed by Certbot
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;

        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

        location / {
        }

        error_page 404 /404.html;
            location = /40x.html {
        }

        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
        }

    listen [::]:443 ssl ipv6only=on; # managed by Certbot
    listen 443 ssl; # managed by Certbot
    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/bbs.wzlinux.com/fullchain.pem; # managed by Certbot
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/bbs.wzlinux.com/privkey.pem; # managed by Certbot
    include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf; # managed by Certbot
    ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem; # managed by Certbot

}

server {
    if ($host = bbs.wzlinux.com) {
        return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
    } # managed by Certbot

    listen       80 ;
    listen       [::]:80 ;
    server_name bbs.wzlinux.com;
    return 404; # managed by Certbot

}

启用443端口

同样，修改Nginx的虚拟主机配置文件，新建一个443端口的server配置：

server {
        listen 443 ssl;
        listen [::]:443 ssl ipv6only=on;

        ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.domain.com/fullchain.pem;
        ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.domain.com/privkey.pem;
        ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.domain.com/chain.pem;
        
        // ... other settings ...
}

上面记得替换your.domain.com为你自己的域名。

接着重新加载Nginx配置：

sudo service nginx reload

现在通过浏览器访问你的网站：https://your.domain.com试试，如果看到浏览器的绿色标志，恭喜你设置成功！

不过由于这个证书的时效只有90天，我们需要设置自动更新的功能，帮我们自动更新证书的时效。

自动更新证书

先在命令行模拟证书更新：

sudo certbot renew --dry-run

模拟更新成功的效果如下：

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/your.domain.com.conf
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** DRY RUN: simulating 'certbot renew' close to cert expiry
**          (The test certificates below have not been saved.)

Congratulations, all renewals succeeded. The following certs have been renewed:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.domain.com/fullchain.pem (success)
** DRY RUN: simulating 'certbot renew' close to cert expiry
**          (The test certificates above have not been saved.)

既然模拟成功，我们就使用crontab -e的命令来启用自动任务，命令行：

sudo crontab -e

添加配置：

0 4 * * * /usr/bin/certbot renew  >> /var/log/le-renew.log

上面的执行时间为：每天执行renew任务。

你可以在命令行执行/usr/bin/certbot renew >> /var/log/le-renew.log看看是否执行正常，如果一切OK，那么我们的配置到此结束！

参考

• Certbot官网

• LetsEncrypt Nginx and Proxy Apps on Ubuntu

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