C/C++中虚基类详解及其作用介绍

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概述

虚基类 (virtual base class) 是用关键字 virtual 声明继承的父类.

多重继承的问题

N 类:

class N {
public:
    int a;
    void display(){
        cout << "A::a=" << a <<endl;
    }
};

A 类:

class A : public N {
public:
    int a1;
};

B 类:

class B : public N {
public:
    int a2;
};

C 类:

class C: public A, public B{
public:
    int a3;
    void display() {cout << "a3=" << a3 << endl;};
};

main:

int main() {
    C c1;
    // 合法访问
    c1.A::a = 3;
    c1.A::display();

    return 0;
}

输出结果:

A::a=3

存在的问题:

A::a 和 B::a 是 N 类成员的拷贝
A::a 和 B::a 占用不同的空间

虚基类

我们希望继承间接共同基类时只保留一份成员, 所以虚基类就诞生了. 当基类通过多条派生路径被一个派生类继承时, 该派生类只继承该基类一次.

语法:

class 派生类名: virtual 继承方式 基类名

初始化

通过构造函数的初始化表对虚拟类进行初始化. 例如:

N 类:

class N {
public:
    int n;
    N(int n) : n(n) {};
};

A 类:

class A : virtual public N {
public:
    A(int n) : N(n) {};
};

B 类:

class B : virtual public N {
public:
    B(int n) : N(n) {};
};

C 类:

class C: public A, public B{
public:
    C(int n) : N(n), A(n), B(n){};
};

例子

Person 类:

#ifndef PROJECT5_PERSON_H
#define PROJECT5_PERSON_H

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person {
protected:
    string name;
    char gender;
public:
    Person(string n, char g) : name(n), gender(g) {}
    void display() {
        cout << "name: " << name << endl;
        cout << "gender: " << gender << endl;
    }
};

#endif //PROJECT5_PERSON_H

Student 类:

#ifndef PROJECT5_STUDENT_H
#define PROJECT5_STUDENT_H

#include <string>
#include "Person.h"
using namespace std;

class Student : virtual public Person {
protected:
    double score;
public:
    Student(string n, char g, double s) : Person(n, g), score(s) {};
};

#endif //PROJECT5_STUDENT_H

Teacher 类:

#ifndef PROJECT5_TEACHER_H
#define PROJECT5_TEACHER_H

#include <string>
#include "Person.h"
using namespace std;

class Teacher : virtual public Person {
protected:
    string title;
public:
    Teacher(string n, char g, string t) : Person(n, g), title(t) {};
};

#endif //PROJECT5_TEACHER_H

Graduate 类:

#ifndef PROJECT5_GRADUATE_H
#define PROJECT5_GRADUATE_H

#include "Teacher.h"
#include "Student.h"
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Graduate : public Teacher, public Student{
private:
    double wage;
public:
    Graduate(string n, char g, double s, string t, double w) : Person(n, g), Student(n, g, s), Teacher(n, g, t), wage(w) {};
    void display() {
        Person::display();
        cout << "score: " << score << endl;
        cout << "title: " << title << endl;
        cout << "wages: " << wage << endl;
    };
};

#endif //PROJECT5_GRADUATE_H

main:

#include <iostream>
#include "Graduate.h"
using namespace std;

int main() {
    Graduate grad1("小白",'f',89.5,"教授",1234.5);
    grad1.display();

    return 0;
}

输出结果: