概述
本篇文章给大家带来了关于mysql的相关知识,其中主要介绍了关于MySQL复制技术的相关问题,包括了异步复制、半同步复制等等内容,下面一起来看一下,希望对大家有帮助。
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异步复制
在异步复制(async replication)中,Master不用关心Slave是否接收到二进制日志,所以Master与Slave没有任何的依赖关系。你可以认为Master和Slave是分别独自工作的两台服务器,数据最终会通过二进制日志达到一致。
异步复制的性能最好,因为它对数据库本身几乎没有任何开销,除非主从延迟非常大,Dump Thread需要读取大量二进制日志文件。
如果业务对于数据一致性要求不高,当发生故障时,能容忍数据的丢失,甚至大量的丢失,推荐用异步复制,这样性能最好(比如像微博这样的业务,虽然它对性能的要求极高,但对于数据丢失,通常可以容忍)。但往往核心业务系统最关心的就是数据安全,比如监控业务、告警系统。
异步复制环境的规划:
master(docker),端口3310
slave(docker),端口3311
master的配置
配置文件my.cnf
$ sudo cat /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/conf/my.cnf
# For advice on how to change settings please see
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-configuration-defaults.html
[mysqld]
#
# Remove leading # and set to the amount of RAM for the most important data
# cache in MySQL. Start at 70% of total RAM for dedicated server, else 10%.
# innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M
#
# Remove leading # to turn on a very important data integrity option: logging
# changes to the binary log between backups.
# log_bin
#
# Remove leading # to set options mainly useful for reporting servers.
# The server defaults are faster for transactions and fast SELECTs.
# Adjust sizes as needed, experiment to find the optimal values.
# join_buffer_size = 128M
# sort_buffer_size = 2M
# read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M
#datadir=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/data
#socket=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysql.sock
character_set_server=utf8
init_connect='SET NAMES utf8'
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
#log-error=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/logs/mysqld.log
#pid-file=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysqld.pid
lower_case_table_names=1 # 表名是否小写
server-id=1403311
log-bin=mysql-bin # 开启binlog
binlog-format=ROW # binlog的格式
auto_increment_increment=1 # 自增的步长,适用于主主复制,为了避免id冲突,步长设置为master的个数
auto_increment_offset=1 # 自增的偏移,主主复制每个master的偏移需要不一致
# binlog-do-db=mstest # 要同步的数据库
# binlog-ignore-db=mysql # 要忽略的数据库
#rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1
#rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout=10000
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启动mysql:
$ docker run --name mysql3310 -p 3310:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3310/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
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创建用于同步的用户:
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE,FILE,REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'repluser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
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在master上查看master的二进制日志:
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000003 | 1147 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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查看master上的进程列表:
mysql> show processlist;
+----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| 2 | root | localhost | order | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist |
| 6 | repluser | 172.17.0.1:48450 | NULL | Binlog Dump | 448 | Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for more updates | NULL |
+----+----------+------------------+-------+-------------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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slave的配置
配置文件my.cnf与master的配置一致,除了server-id字段需唯一。
启动mysql:
$ docker run --name mysql3311 -p 3311:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3311/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
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在slave中设置master的信息:
# master_log_file和master_log_pos取上面show master status显示的值mysql> change master to master_host='172.23.252.98',master_port=3310,master_user='repluser',master_password='123456',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=1147;
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开启slave,启动SQL和IO线程:
mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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查看slave的状态:
mysql> show slave statusG;*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.54.214
Master_User: repluser
Master_Port: 3310
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1147
Relay_Log_File: 2da789531bf3-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 320
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1147
Relay_Log_Space: 534
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 1403311
Master_UUID: cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002
Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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查看slave上的进程列表:
mysql> show processlist;
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| 4 | root | localhost | order | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist |
| 7 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 533 | Waiting for master to send event | NULL |
| 8 | system user | | NULL | Connect | 127 | Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates | NULL |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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半同步复制
半同步复制是MySQL 5.7版本前的半同步复制机制。
半同步复制要求Master事务提交过程中,至少有N个Slave接收到二进制日志,这样就能保证当Master发生宕机,至少有N 台Slave服务器中的数据是完整的。
半同步复制并不是MySQL内置的功能,而是要安装半同步插件,并启用半同步复制功能,设置N个Slave接受二进制日志成功。
缺点:假设user1在主库插入了一条数据,正在等待数据返回,user2这时就能查询到这条数据了,如果此时master挂了,user2又查不到这条数据了,产生了类似幻读的现象。
增强半同步复制
增强半同步复制解决了半同步复制的缺点,WAIT和ACK发生在事务提交之前,这样即便Slave没有收到二进制日志,但是 Master宕机了,由于最后一个事务还没有提交,所以本身这个数据对外也不可见,不存在丢失的问题。
所以,对于任何有数据一致性要求的业务,如电商的核心订单业务、银行、保险、证券等与资金密切相关的业务,务必使用增强半同步复制。这样数据才是安全的、有保障的、即使发生宕机,从机也有一份完整的数据。
增强半同步复制环境是基于异步复制的基础上进行的。
安装插件,建议master和slave都安装,因为会有主从切换的情景:
# master
mysql> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_master soname 'semisync_master.so';
# slave
mysql> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_slave soname 'semisync_slave.so';
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确保插件安装成功:
mysql> show plugins;
... ...
| rpl_semi_sync_master | ACTIVE | REPLICATION | semisync_master.so | GPL |
| rpl_semi_sync_slave | ACTIVE | REPLICATION | semisync_slave.so | GPL |
+----------------------------+----------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+
46 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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先启动slave上的半同步:
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled = {0|1}; # 1:启用,0:禁止
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再启动master上的半同步:
mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = {0|1}; # 1:启用,0:禁止
# mysql> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 10000; # 单位为ms,默认为10s
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从库重启io_thread:
mysql> stop slave io_thread;
mysql> start slave io_thread;
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半同步的参数为什么不建议写入配置文件
参数写入配置文件的话,会使实例启动后立即进入半同步模式,如果发生长时间断连的实例重新运行启动,有可能导致主库被拖垮。
长时间断开的从库,重新连接后,要等待追完全部事务后,手动开启半同步模式,而不是启动后直接切换,防止冲击主库。
查询主库状态信息
mysql> show global status like "%semi%";
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_status | ON |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx | 0 |
| Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | ON |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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重要参数说明:
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients:支持和注册半同步复制的已连Slave数
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times:master关闭半同步复制的次数
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx:master没有收到slave的回复而提交的次数,可以理解为master等待超时的次数,即半同步模式不成功提交数量
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_status:ON是活动状态(半同步),OFF是非活动状态(异步),用于表示主服务器使用的是异步复制模式,还是半同步复制模式
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time:master花在每个事务上的平均等待时间
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits:master等待成功的次数,即master没有等待超时的次数,也就是成功提交的次数
- Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx:master成功接收到slave的回复的次数,即半同步模式成功提交数量。
查询主库参数信息
mysql> show global variables like '%sync%';
+-------------------------------------------+------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-------------------------------------------+------------+
| binlog_group_commit_sync_delay | 0 |
| binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count | 0 |
| innodb_flush_sync | ON |
| innodb_sync_array_size | 1 |
| innodb_sync_spin_loops | 30 |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled | ON |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout | 10000 |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_trace_level | 32 |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_for_slave_count | 1 |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave | ON |
| rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point | AFTER_SYNC |
| rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled | ON |
| rpl_semi_sync_slave_trace_level | 32 |
| sync_binlog | 1 |
| sync_frm | ON |
| sync_master_info | 10000 |
| sync_relay_log | 10000 |
| sync_relay_log_info | 10000 |
+-------------------------------------------+------------+
18 rows in set (0.01 sec)
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重要参数说明:
- rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled:(主库)是否启动半同步
- rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout:等待多时毫秒后变成异步复制,默认是10000ms
- rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point:5.7默认AFTER_SYNC(增强版半同步复制,无损复制模式),在得到slave的应答后再commit,可选值AFTER_COMMIT,在master提交后同步数据给slave,然后master等待slave应答,应答成功返回客户端。
可以在slave端执行stop slave
,测试master端会发生什么情况?
在master上执行下面的sql:
mysql> insert into t_order values(3,"C");Query OK, 1 row affected (10.05 sec)
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会发现这条语句会阻塞10s(对应上面的参数rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout),然后执行成功,最后看看看master的日志描述:
2022-01-25T02:31:57.016430Z 4 [Note] Start binlog_dump to master_thread_id(4) slave_server(1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154)
2022-01-25T02:31:57.016515Z 4 [Note] Start asynchronous binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154)
2022-01-25T02:33:32.183819Z 2 [Note] Semi-sync replication initialized for transactions.
2022-01-25T02:33:32.183865Z 2 [Note] Semi-sync replication enabled on the master.
2022-01-25T02:33:32.184004Z 0 [Note] Starting ack receiver thread
2022-01-25T02:33:59.644444Z 5 [Note] While initializing dump thread for slave with UUID <aba2eb12-7cbc-11ec-9c1d-0242ac110003>, found a zombie dump thread with the same UUID. Master is killing the zombie dump thread(4).
2022-01-25T02:33:59.644612Z 5 [Note] Start binlog_dump to master_thread_id(5) slave_server(1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154)
2022-01-25T02:33:59.644632Z 4 [Note] Stop asynchronous binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312)
2022-01-25T02:33:59.644727Z 5 [Note] Start semi-sync binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312), pos(mysql-bin.000005, 154)
2022-01-25T02:38:02.847879Z 0 [ERROR] mysqld: Got an error reading communication packets
2022-01-25T02:38:27.228952Z 2 [Warning] Timeout waiting for reply of binlog (file: mysql-bin.000005, pos: 684), semi-sync up to file mysql-bin.000005, position 419.
2022-01-25T02:38:27.229063Z 2 [Note] Semi-sync replication switched OFF.
2022-01-25T02:39:47.230189Z 5 [Note] Stop semi-sync binlog_dump to slave (server_id: 1403312)
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可以发现半同步关闭了,变成异步模式。
推荐学习:mysql视频教程
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