angular学习之聊聊两种类型的表单

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我是靠谱客的博主笨笨小鸭子，这篇文章主要介绍angular学习之聊聊两种类型的表单，现在分享给大家，希望可以做个参考。

本篇文章带大家了解一下angular中的表单，了解一下两种类型的表单：模板驱动和模型驱动，希望对大家有所帮助！

在 Angular 中，表单有两种类型，分别为模板驱动和模型驱动。【相关教程推荐：《angular教程》】

一、模板驱动

1.1 概述

表单的控制逻辑写在组件模板中，适合简单的表单类型。

1.2 快速上手

1）、引入依赖模块 FormsModule

复制代码import { FormsModule } from "@angular/forms"

@NgModule({
  imports: [FormsModule],
})
export class AppModule {}1
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import { FormsModule } from "@angular/forms"

@NgModule({
  imports: [FormsModule],
})
export class AppModule {}
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2）、将 DOM 表单转换为 ngForm

复制代码<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)"></form>1
<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)"></form>
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3）、声明表单字段为 ngModel

复制代码<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>1
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<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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4）、获取表单字段值

复制代码import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
    console.log(form.value) // {username: ''}
  }
}1
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import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
    console.log(form.value) // {username: ''}
  }
}
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5）、表单分组

复制代码<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <div ngModelGroup="user">
    <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
  </div>
  <div ngModelGroup="contact">
    <input type="text" name="phone" ngModel />
  </div>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>1
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<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <div ngModelGroup="user">
    <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
  </div>
  <div ngModelGroup="contact">
    <input type="text" name="phone" ngModel />
  </div>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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复制代码import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
 onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
   console.log(form.value) // {contact: {phone: ''}, user:{username: ''}}
 }
}1
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import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
 onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
   console.log(form.value) // {contact: {phone: ''}, user:{username: ''}}
 }
}
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1.3 表单验证

required 必填字段
minlength 字段最小长度
maxlength 字段最大长度
pattern 验证正则例如：pattern=“d” 匹配一个数值

复制代码<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input type="text" name="username" ngModel required pattern="d" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>1
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<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input type="text" name="username" ngModel required pattern="d" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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复制代码export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
    // 查看表单整体是否验证通过
    console.log(form.valid)
  }
}1
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export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
    // 查看表单整体是否验证通过
    console.log(form.valid)
  }
}
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复制代码<!-- 表单整体未通过验证时禁用提交表单 -->
<button type="submit" [disabled]="f.invalid">提交</button>1
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<!-- 表单整体未通过验证时禁用提交表单 -->
<button type="submit" [disabled]="f.invalid">提交</button>
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在组件模板中显示表单项未通过时的错误信息。

复制代码<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input #username="ngModel" />
  <div *ngIf="username.touched && !username.valid && username.errors">
    <div *ngIf="username.errors.required">请填写用户名</div>
    <div *ngIf="username.errors.pattern">不符合正则规则</div>
  </div>
</form>1
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<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input #username="ngModel" />
  <div *ngIf="username.touched && !username.valid && username.errors">
    <div *ngIf="username.errors.required">请填写用户名</div>
    <div *ngIf="username.errors.pattern">不符合正则规则</div>
  </div>
</form>
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指定表单项未通过验证时的样式。

复制代码input.ng-touched.ng-invalid {
  border: 2px solid red;
}1
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input.ng-touched.ng-invalid {
  border: 2px solid red;
}
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二、模型驱动

2.1 概述

表单的控制逻辑写在组件类中，对验证逻辑拥有更多的控制权，适合复杂的表单的类型。

在模型驱动表单中，表单字段需要是 FormControl类的实例，实例对象可以验证表单字段中的值，值是否被修改过等等

请添加图片描述
一组表单字段构成整个表单，整个表单需要是 FormGroup 类的实例，它可以对表单进行整体验证。

请添加图片描述

FormControl：表单组中的一个表单项
FormGroup：表单组，表单至少是一个 FormGroup
FormArray：用于复杂表单，可以动态添加表单项或表单组，在表单验证时，FormArray 中有一项没通过，整体没通过。

2.2 快速上手

1）、引入 ReactiveFormsModule

复制代码import { ReactiveFormsModule } from "@angular/forms"

@NgModule({
  imports: [ReactiveFormsModule]
})
export class AppModule {}1
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import { ReactiveFormsModule } from "@angular/forms"

@NgModule({
  imports: [ReactiveFormsModule]
})
export class AppModule {}
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2）、在组件类中创建 FormGroup 表单控制对象

复制代码import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl(),
    phone: new FormControl()
  })
}1
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import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl(),
    phone: new FormControl()
  })
}
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3）、关联组件模板中的表单

复制代码<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
  <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>1
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<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
  <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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4）、获取表单值

复制代码export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.contactForm.value)
  }
}1
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export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.contactForm.value)
  }
}
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5）、设置表单默认值

复制代码contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("默认值"),
  phone: new FormControl(15888888888)
})1
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contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("默认值"),
  phone: new FormControl(15888888888)
})
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6）、表单分组

复制代码contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  fullName: new FormGroup({
    firstName: new FormControl(),
    lastName: new FormControl()
  }),
  phone: new FormControl()
})1
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contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  fullName: new FormGroup({
    firstName: new FormControl(),
    lastName: new FormControl()
  }),
  phone: new FormControl()
})
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复制代码<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <div formGroupName="fullName">
    <input type="text" formControlName="firstName" />
    <input type="text" formControlName="lastName" />
  </div>
  <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>1
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<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <div formGroupName="fullName">
    <input type="text" formControlName="firstName" />
    <input type="text" formControlName="lastName" />
  </div>
  <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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复制代码onSubmit() {
  console.log(this.contactForm.value.name.username)
  console.log(this.contactForm.get(["name", "username"])?.value)
}1
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onSubmit() {
  console.log(this.contactForm.value.name.username)
  console.log(this.contactForm.get(["name", "username"])?.value)
}
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2.3 FormArray

需求：在页面中默认显示一组联系方式，通过点击按钮可以添加更多联系方式组。

复制代码import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core"
import { FormArray, FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
@Component({
  selector: "app-root",
  templateUrl: "./app.component.html",
  styles: []
})
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
  // 表单
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    contacts: new FormArray([])
  })

  get contacts() {
    return this.contactForm.get("contacts") as FormArray
  }

  // 添加联系方式
  addContact() {
    // 联系方式
    const myContact: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
      name: new FormControl(),
      address: new FormControl(),
      phone: new FormControl()
    })
    // 向联系方式数组中添加联系方式
    this.contacts.push(myContact)
  }

  // 删除联系方式
  removeContact(i: number) {
    this.contacts.removeAt(i)
  }

  ngOnInit() {
    // 添加默认的联系方式
    this.addContact()
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.contactForm.value)
  }
}1
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import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core"
import { FormArray, FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
@Component({
  selector: "app-root",
  templateUrl: "./app.component.html",
  styles: []
})
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
  // 表单
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    contacts: new FormArray([])
  })

  get contacts() {
    return this.contactForm.get("contacts") as FormArray
  }

  // 添加联系方式
  addContact() {
    // 联系方式
    const myContact: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
      name: new FormControl(),
      address: new FormControl(),
      phone: new FormControl()
    })
    // 向联系方式数组中添加联系方式
    this.contacts.push(myContact)
  }

  // 删除联系方式
  removeContact(i: number) {
    this.contacts.removeAt(i)
  }

  ngOnInit() {
    // 添加默认的联系方式
    this.addContact()
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.contactForm.value)
  }
}
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复制代码<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <div formArrayName="contacts">
    <div
      *ngFor="let contact of contacts.controls; let i = index"
      [formGroupName]="i"
    >
      <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
      <input type="text" formControlName="address" />
      <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
      <button (click)="removeContact(i)">删除联系方式</button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <button (click)="addContact()">添加联系方式</button>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>1
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<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <div formArrayName="contacts">
    <div
      *ngFor="let contact of contacts.controls; let i = index"
      [formGroupName]="i"
    >
      <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
      <input type="text" formControlName="address" />
      <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
      <button (click)="removeContact(i)">删除联系方式</button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <button (click)="addContact()">添加联系方式</button>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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2.4 内置表单验证器

1）、使用内置验证器提供的验证规则验证表单字段

复制代码import { FormControl, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("默认值", [
    Validators.required,
    Validators.minLength(2)
  ])
})1
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import { FormControl, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("默认值", [
    Validators.required,
    Validators.minLength(2)
  ])
})
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2）、获取整体表单是否验证通过

复制代码onSubmit() {
  console.log(this.contactForm.valid)
}1
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onSubmit() {
  console.log(this.contactForm.valid)
}
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复制代码<!-- 表单整体未验证通过时禁用表单按钮 -->
<button [disabled]="contactForm.invalid">提交</button>1
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<!-- 表单整体未验证通过时禁用表单按钮 -->
<button [disabled]="contactForm.invalid">提交</button>
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3）、在组件模板中显示为验证通过时的错误信息

复制代码get name() {
  return this.contactForm.get("name")!
}1
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get name() {
  return this.contactForm.get("name")!
}
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复制代码<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
  <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
    <div *ngIf="name.errors.required">请填写姓名</div>
    <div *ngIf="name.errors.maxlength">
      姓名长度不能大于
      {{ name.errors.maxlength.requiredLength }} 实际填写长度为
      {{ name.errors.maxlength.actualLength }}
    </div>
  </div>
</form>1
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<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
  <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
    <div *ngIf="name.errors.required">请填写姓名</div>
    <div *ngIf="name.errors.maxlength">
      姓名长度不能大于
      {{ name.errors.maxlength.requiredLength }} 实际填写长度为
      {{ name.errors.maxlength.actualLength }}
    </div>
  </div>
</form>
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2.5 自定义同步表单验证器

自定义验证器的类型是 TypeScript 类
类中包含具体的验证方法，验证方法必须为静态方法
验证方法有一个参数 control，类型为 AbstractControl。其实就是 FormControl 类的实例对象的类型
如果验证成功，返回 null
如果验证失败，返回对象，对象中的属性即为验证标识，值为 true，标识该项验证失败
验证方法的返回值为 ValidationErrors | null

复制代码import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"

export class NameValidators {
  // 字段值中不能包含空格
  static cannotContainSpace(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {
    // 验证未通过
    if (/s/.test(control.value)) return { cannotContainSpace: true }
    // 验证通过
    return null
  }
}1
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import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"

export class NameValidators {
  // 字段值中不能包含空格
  static cannotContainSpace(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {
    // 验证未通过
    if (/s/.test(control.value)) return { cannotContainSpace: true }
    // 验证通过
    return null
  }
}
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复制代码import { NameValidators } from "./Name.validators"

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("", [
    Validators.required,
    NameValidators.cannotContainSpace
  ])
})1
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import { NameValidators } from "./Name.validators"

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("", [
    Validators.required,
    NameValidators.cannotContainSpace
  ])
})
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复制代码<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
	<div *ngIf="name.errors.cannotContainSpace">姓名中不能包含空格</div>
</div>1
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<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
	<div *ngIf="name.errors.cannotContainSpace">姓名中不能包含空格</div>
</div>
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2.6 自定义异步表单验证器

复制代码import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"
import { Observable } from "rxjs"

export class NameValidators {
  static shouldBeUnique(control: AbstractControl): Promise<ValidationErrors | null> {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      if (control.value == "admin") {
         resolve({ shouldBeUnique: true })
       } else {
         resolve(null)
       }
    })
  }
}1
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import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"
import { Observable } from "rxjs"

export class NameValidators {
  static shouldBeUnique(control: AbstractControl): Promise<ValidationErrors | null> {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      if (control.value == "admin") {
         resolve({ shouldBeUnique: true })
       } else {
         resolve(null)
       }
    })
  }
}
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复制代码contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl(
      "",
      [
        Validators.required
      ],
      NameValidators.shouldBeUnique
    )
  })1
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contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl(
      "",
      [
        Validators.required
      ],
      NameValidators.shouldBeUnique
    )
  })
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复制代码<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
  <div *ngIf="name.errors.shouldBeUnique">用户名重复</div>
</div>
<div *ngIf="name.pending">正在检测姓名是否重复</div>1
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<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
  <div *ngIf="name.errors.shouldBeUnique">用户名重复</div>
</div>
<div *ngIf="name.pending">正在检测姓名是否重复</div>
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2.7 FormBuilder

创建表单的快捷方式。

this.fb.control：表单项
this.fb.group：表单组，表单至少是一个 FormGroup
this.fb.array：用于复杂表单，可以动态添加表单项或表单组，在表单验证时，FormArray 中有一项没通过，整体没通过。

复制代码import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup
  constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.contactForm = this.fb.group({
      fullName: this.fb.group({
        firstName: ["", [Validators.required]],
        lastName: [""]
      }),
      phone: []
    })
  }
}1
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import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup
  constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.contactForm = this.fb.group({
      fullName: this.fb.group({
        firstName: ["", [Validators.required]],
        lastName: [""]
      }),
      phone: []
    })
  }
}
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2.8 监听表单值的变化

实际工作中，我们常常需要根据某个表单值得变化而进行相应的处理，一般可以使用ngModalChange或者表单来实现

2.8.1 ngModalChange

复制代码<div>
  <input type="text" [(ngModal)]="name" (ngModalChange)="nameChange()" />
</div>1
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<div>
  <input type="text" [(ngModal)]="name" (ngModalChange)="nameChange()" />
</div>
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复制代码import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  public name = 'a';
  public nameChange() {
  }
}1
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import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  public name = 'a';
  public nameChange() {
  }
}
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angular官方并不建议使用ngModalChange。

2.8.2 表单控制

复制代码<div [formGroup]="contactForm">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
</div>1
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<div [formGroup]="contactForm">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
</div>
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复制代码import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl()
  })
	
	ngOnInt() {
		this.contactForm.get("name").valueChanges.subscribe(data => {
			console.log(data);
		}
	}
}1
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import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl()
  })
	
	ngOnInt() {
		this.contactForm.get("name").valueChanges.subscribe(data => {
			console.log(data);
		}
	}
}
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2.9 练习

1）、获取一组复选框中选中的值

复制代码<form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <label *ngFor="let item of Data">
    <input type="checkbox" [value]="item.value" (change)="onChange($event)" />
    {{ item.name }}
  </label>
  <button>提交</button>
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<form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <label *ngFor="let item of Data">
    <input type="checkbox" [value]="item.value" (change)="onChange($event)" />
    {{ item.name }}
  </label>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
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复制代码import { Component } from "@angular/core"
import { FormArray, FormBuilder, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
interface Data {
  name: string
  value: string
}
@Component({
  selector: "app-checkbox",
  templateUrl: "./checkbox.component.html",
  styles: []
})
export class CheckboxComponent {
  Data: Array<Data> = [
    { name: "Pear", value: "pear" },
    { name: "Plum", value: "plum" },
    { name: "Kiwi", value: "kiwi" },
    { name: "Apple", value: "apple" },
    { name: "Lime", value: "lime" }
  ]
  form: FormGroup

  constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = this.fb.group({
      checkArray: this.fb.array([])
    })
  }

  onChange(event: Event) {
    const target = event.target as HTMLInputElement
    const checked = target.checked
    const value = target.value
    const checkArray = this.form.get("checkArray") as FormArray

    if (checked) {
      checkArray.push(this.fb.control(value))
    } else {
      const index = checkArray.controls.findIndex(
        control => control.value === value
      )
      checkArray.removeAt(index)
    }
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.form.value)
  }
}1
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import { Component } from "@angular/core"
import { FormArray, FormBuilder, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
interface Data {
  name: string
  value: string
}
@Component({
  selector: "app-checkbox",
  templateUrl: "./checkbox.component.html",
  styles: []
})
export class CheckboxComponent {
  Data: Array<Data> = [
    { name: "Pear", value: "pear" },
    { name: "Plum", value: "plum" },
    { name: "Kiwi", value: "kiwi" },
    { name: "Apple", value: "apple" },
    { name: "Lime", value: "lime" }
  ]
  form: FormGroup

  constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = this.fb.group({
      checkArray: this.fb.array([])
    })
  }

  onChange(event: Event) {
    const target = event.target as HTMLInputElement
    const checked = target.checked
    const value = target.value
    const checkArray = this.form.get("checkArray") as FormArray

    if (checked) {
      checkArray.push(this.fb.control(value))
    } else {
      const index = checkArray.controls.findIndex(
        control => control.value === value
      )
      checkArray.removeAt(index)
    }
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.form.value)
  }
}
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2）、获取单选框中选中的值

复制代码export class AppComponent {
  form: FormGroup

  constructor(public fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = this.fb.group({ gender: "" })
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.form.value)
  }
}1
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export class AppComponent {
  form: FormGroup

  constructor(public fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = this.fb.group({ gender: "" })
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.form.value)
  }
}
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复制代码<form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="radio" value="male" formControlName="gender" /> Male
  <input type="radio" value="female" formControlName="gender" /> Female
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
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<form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="radio" value="male" formControlName="gender" /> Male
  <input type="radio" value="female" formControlName="gender" /> Female
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
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2.10 其他