我是靠谱客的博主 灵巧酒窝,最近开发中收集的这篇文章主要介绍Everyone Do this at the Beginning!!--kaggle数据预处理-超详细的解说,觉得挺不错的,现在分享给大家,希望可以做个参考。

概述

这篇是kaggle上的,有关检测恶意代码的模型,本人在这篇博客解说了有关其获取数据之后的数据预处理。一下是根据其每一步的解说:

1.Load Data(获取数据):

# referred https://www.kaggle.com/theoviel/load-the-totality-of-the-data
dtypes = {
        'MachineIdentifier':                                    'category',
        'ProductName':                                          'category',
        'EngineVersion':                                        'category',
        'AppVersion':                                           'category',
        'AvSigVersion':                                         'category',
        'IsBeta':                                               'int8',
        'RtpStateBitfield':                                     'float16',
        'IsSxsPassiveMode':                                     'int8',
        'DefaultBrowsersIdentifier':                            'float32',
        'AVProductStatesIdentifier':                            'float32',
        'AVProductsInstalled':                                  'float16',
        'AVProductsEnabled':                                    'float16',
        'HasTpm':                                               'int8',
        'CountryIdentifier':                                    'int16',
        'CityIdentifier':                                       'float32',
        'OrganizationIdentifier':                               'float16',
        'GeoNameIdentifier':                                    'float16',
        'LocaleEnglishNameIdentifier':                          'int16',
        'Platform':                                             'category',
        'Processor':                                            'category',
        'OsVer':                                                'category',
        'OsBuild':                                              'int16',
        'OsSuite':                                              'int16',
        'OsPlatformSubRelease':                                 'category',
        'OsBuildLab':                                           'category',
        'SkuEdition':                                           'category',
        'IsProtected':                                          'float16',
        'AutoSampleOptIn':                                      'int8',
        'PuaMode':                                              'category',
        'SMode':                                                'float16',
        'IeVerIdentifier':                                      'float16',
        'SmartScreen':                                          'category',
        'Firewall':                                             'float16',
        'UacLuaenable':                                         'float32',
        'UacLuaenable':                                         'float64', # was 'float32'
        'Census_MDC2FormFactor':                                'category',
        'Census_DeviceFamily':                                  'category',
        'Census_OEMNameIdentifier':                             'float32', # was 'float16'
        'Census_OEMModelIdentifier':                            'float32',
        'Census_ProcessorCoreCount':                            'float16',
        'Census_ProcessorManufacturerIdentifier':               'float16',
        'Census_ProcessorModelIdentifier':                      'float32', # was 'float16'
        'Census_ProcessorClass':                                'category',
        'Census_PrimaryDiskTotalCapacity':                      'float64', # was 'float32'
        'Census_PrimaryDiskTypeName':                           'category',
        'Census_SystemVolumeTotalCapacity':                     'float64', # was 'float32'
        'Census_HasOpticalDiskDrive':                           'int8',
        'Census_TotalPhysicalRAM':                              'float32',
        'Census_ChassisTypeName':                               'category',
        'Census_InternalPrimaryDiagonalDisplaySizeInInches':    'float32', # was 'float16'
        'Census_InternalPrimaryDisplayResolutionHorizontal':    'float32', # was 'float16'
        'Census_InternalPrimaryDisplayResolutionVertical':      'float32', # was 'float16'
        'Census_PowerPlatformRoleName':                         'category',
        'Census_InternalBatteryType':                           'category',
        'Census_InternalBatteryNumberOfCharges':                'float64', # was 'float32'
        'Census_OSVersion':                                     'category',
        'Census_OSArchitecture':                                'category',
        'Census_OSBranch':                                      'category',
        'Census_OSBuildNumber':                                 'int16',
        'Census_OSBuildRevision':                               'int32',
        'Census_OSEdition':                                     'category',
        'Census_OSSkuName':                                     'category',
        'Census_OSInstallTypeName':                             'category',
        'Census_OSInstallLanguageIdentifier':                   'float16',
        'Census_OSUILocaleIdentifier':                          'int16',
        'Census_OSWUAutoUpdateOptionsName':                     'category',
        'Census_IsPortableOperatingSystem':                     'int8',
        'Census_GenuineStateName':                              'category',
        'Census_ActivationChannel':                             'category',
        'Census_IsFlightingInternal':                           'float16',
        'Census_IsFlightsDisabled':                             'float16',
        'Census_FlightRing':                                    'category',
        'Census_ThresholdOptIn':                                'float16',
        'Census_FirmwareManufacturerIdentifier':                'float16',
        'Census_FirmwareVersionIdentifier':                     'float32',
        'Census_IsSecureBootEnabled':                           'int8',
        'Census_IsWIMBootEnabled':                              'float16',
        'Census_IsVirtualDevice':                               'float16',
        'Census_IsTouchEnabled':                                'int8',
        'Census_IsPenCapable':                                  'int8',
        'Census_IsAlwaysOnAlwaysConnectedCapable':              'float16',
        'Wdft_IsGamer':                                         'float16',
        'Wdft_RegionIdentifier':                                'float16',
        'HasDetections':                                        'int8'
        }  
train = pd.read_csv('../input/train.csv', dtype=dtypes)   #读取数据原文件的内容
train.shape   #显示其大小

为何有这个呢?因为在原文件中已经排列好了有关数据,上面的代码中,第一列就是原文件中数据每一列的列名称,第二列就是原文件中数据每一列的数据类型
输出:

(8921483, 83)     

#、有8921483行,83列,就是说有原文件有8921483个样本,每个样本有83个特征

droppable_features = []

定义一个列表,用于后面存储需要删去的特征的名称(预处理就是对数据进行优化,一般是删去不合格的数据,使数据易于训练,能有效保证数据的合理性)。

  1. Feature Engineering(特征工程),通俗点,就是要开始处理数据了
    2.1 mostly-missing Columns:处理缺失值太多的列,就是说,一个特征就是一个列,而这个列中,并不是每一行都有值,也就是缺失,一般是处理缺失值比重高于99%的特征
(train.isnull().sum()/train.shape[0]).sort_values(ascending=False)    

这句代码的意思是显示数据中所有特征中含缺失值的占比,也就是每一列的缺失值占比,而且按降序排序,也就是说第一行往下,缺失值占比逐渐下降
输出:

PuaMode                                              0.999741
Census_ProcessorClass                                0.995894
DefaultBrowsersIdentifier                            0.951416
Census_IsFlightingInternal                           0.830440
Census_InternalBatteryType                           0.710468
Census_ThresholdOptIn                                0.635245
Census_IsWIMBootEnabled                              0.634390
SmartScreen                                          0.356108
OrganizationIdentifier                               0.308415
SMode                                                0.060277
CityIdentifier                                       0.036475
Wdft_IsGamer                                         0.034014
Wdft_RegionIdentifier                                0.034014
Census_InternalBatteryNumberOfCharges                0.030124
Census_FirmwareManufacturerIdentifier                0.020541
Census_IsFlightsDisabled                             0.017993
Census_FirmwareVersionIdentifier                     0.017949
Census_OEMModelIdentifier                            0.011459
Census_OEMNameIdentifier                             0.010702
Firewall                                             0.010239
Census_TotalPhysicalRAM                              0.009027
Census_IsAlwaysOnAlwaysConnectedCapable              0.007997
Census_OSInstallLanguageIdentifier                   0.006735
IeVerIdentifier                                      0.006601
Census_PrimaryDiskTotalCapacity                      0.005943
Census_InternalPrimaryDiagonalDisplaySizeInInches    0.005283
Census_InternalPrimaryDisplayResolutionHorizontal    0.005267
Census_InternalPrimaryDisplayResolutionVertical      0.005267
Census_ProcessorModelIdentifier                      0.004634
                                                       ...   
ProductName                                          0.000000
HasTpm                                               0.000000
OsBuild                                              0.000000
IsBeta                                               0.000000
OsSuite                                              0.000000
IsSxsPassiveMode                                     0.000000
HasDetections                                        0.000000
SkuEdition                                           0.000000
Census_OSInstallTypeName                             0.000000
Census_IsPenCapable                                  0.000000
Census_IsTouchEnabled                                0.000000
Census_IsSecureBootEnabled                           0.000000
Census_FlightRing                                    0.000000
Census_ActivationChannel                             0.000000
Census_GenuineStateName                              0.000000
Census_IsPortableOperatingSystem                     0.000000
Census_OSWUAutoUpdateOptionsName                     0.000000
Census_OSUILocaleIdentifier                          0.000000
Census_OSSkuName                                     0.000000
AutoSampleOptIn                                      0.000000
Census_OSEdition                                     0.000000
Census_OSBuildRevision                               0.000000
Census_OSBuildNumber                                 0.000000
Census_OSBranch                                      0.000000
Census_OSArchitecture                                0.000000
Census_OSVersion                                     0.000000
Census_HasOpticalDiskDrive                           0.000000
Census_DeviceFamily                                  0.000000
Census_MDC2FormFactor                                0.000000
MachineIdentifier                                    0.000000
Length: 83, dtype: float64

前面我们说一般处理的是缺失值大于99%的特征,这是因为缺失值太多,我们即使训练出模型,模型对这一特征的认识也极少,甚至可有可无,若其带着缺失值去运算,除了效果极低外,还会有运行开销,甚至会带来不必要的误差。所以我把这些特征删去,上面输出结果中有两列是大于99%的,故删去。

droppable_features.append('PuaMode')
droppable_features.append('Census_ProcessorClass')

这两句就是把要删去的特征的名称放入列表,但我们这时还没删去,只是记录下要删去的目录。
2.2 Too skewed columns(太倾斜的列),就是说倾向某一特征值太多,更通俗的讲就是某一特征值在这个列中出现了很多次,我们的目的就是删去出现次数占全部特征值出现的总次数超过99%的特征,也就是说举个例子:在一个列中 ,有101个值,其中有100个的值都是等于1,只有一个等于0,那么我们要删去这个列,因为这种情况会导致模型相当于一直在学习同一个特征值,而对其他特征值不了解,就好像数学课有很多类题,你只学一类,那么你考试一定考不好。

pd.options.display.float_format = '{:,.4f}'.format
sk_df = pd.DataFrame([{'column': c, 'uniq': train[c].nunique(), 'skewness': train[c].value_counts(normalize=True).values[0] * 100} for c in train.columns])
sk_df = sk_df.sort_values('skewness', ascending=False)
sk_df

‘{:,.4f}’ : 保留4位小数
‘{:,100.4f}’ : 也是保留4位小数
所以我们可以看到,小数点后的数决定了保留几位小数。
value_counts(): 每个特征值出现的次数
value_counts(normalize=True):每个特征值的计数占比,默认降序排序
value_counts(normalize=True).values[0]:返回计数占比最大的特征值的计数占比

输出结果:

	column	skewness	uniq
75	Census_IsWIMBootEnabled	100.0000	2
5	IsBeta	99.9992	2
69	Census_IsFlightsDisabled	99.9990	2
68	Census_IsFlightingInternal	99.9986	2
27	AutoSampleOptIn	99.9971	2
71	Census_ThresholdOptIn	99.9749	2
29	SMode	99.9537	2
65	Census_IsPortableOperatingSystem	99.9455	2
28	PuaMode	99.9134	2
35	Census_DeviceFamily	99.8383	3
33	UacLuaenable	99.3925	11
76	Census_IsVirtualDevice	99.2961	2
1	ProductName	98.9356	6
12	HasTpm	98.7971	2
7	IsSxsPassiveMode	98.2666	2
32	Firewall	97.8583	2
11	AVProductsEnabled	97.3984	6
6	RtpStateBitfield	97.3262	7
20	OsVer	96.7613	58
18	Platform	96.6063	4
78	Census_IsPenCapable	96.1929	2
26	IsProtected	94.5624	2
79	Census_IsAlwaysOnAlwaysConnectedCapable	94.2581	2
70	Census_FlightRing	93.6580	10
45	Census_HasOpticalDiskDrive	92.2813	2
55	Census_OSArchitecture	90.8580	3
19	Processor	90.8530	3
66	Census_GenuineStateName	88.2992	5
39	Census_ProcessorManufacturerIdentifier	88.2789	7
77	Census_IsTouchEnabled	87.4457	2
...	...	...	...
57	Census_OSBuildNumber	44.9351	165
64	Census_OSWUAutoUpdateOptionsName	44.3256	6
23	OsPlatformSubRelease	43.8887	9
21	OsBuild	43.8887	76
30	IeVerIdentifier	43.8454	303
2	EngineVersion	43.0990	70
24	OsBuildLab	41.0045	663
59	Census_OSEdition	38.8948	33
60	Census_OSSkuName	38.8934	30
62	Census_OSInstallLanguageIdentifier	35.8777	39
63	Census_OSUILocaleIdentifier	35.5414	147
48	Census_InternalPrimaryDiagonalDisplaySizeInInches	34.3398	785
42	Census_PrimaryDiskTotalCapacity	32.0408	5735
72	Census_FirmwareManufacturerIdentifier	30.8882	712
61	Census_OSInstallTypeName	29.2332	9
60	Census_OSSkuName	30	0.000000	38.893410	category
64	Census_OSWUAutoUpdateOptionsName	6	0.000000	44.325557	category
63	Census_OSUILocaleIdentifier	147	0.000000	35.541445	int16
65	Census_IsPortableOperatingSystem	2	0.000000	99.945480	int8
78	Census_IsPenCapable	2	0.000000	96.192909	int8
58	Census_OSBuildRevision	285	0.000000	15.845269	int32
66	Census_GenuineStateName	5	0.000000	88.299187	category
67	Census_ActivationChannel	6	0.000000	52.991067	category
77	Census_IsTouchEnabled	2	0.000000	87.445686	int8
70	Census_FlightRing	10	0.000000	93.657960	category
74	Census_IsSecureBootEnabled	2	0.000000	51.397710	int8
59	Census_OSEdition	33	0.000000	38.894778	category
0	MachineIdentifier	8921483	0.000000	0.000011	category
57	Census_OSBuildNumber	165	0.000000	44.935141	int16
20	OsVer	58	0.000000	96.761323	category
2	EngineVersion	70	0.000000	43.098967	category
3	AppVersion	110	0.000000	57.605042	category
4	AvSigVersion	8531	0.000000	1.146861	category
5	IsBeta	2	0.000000	99.999249	int8
7	IsSxsPassiveMode	2	0.000000	98.266622	int8
12	HasTpm	2	0.000000	98.797106	int8
13	CountryIdentifier	222	0.000000	4.451861	int16
17	LocaleEnglishNameIdentifier	252	0.000000	23.477991	int8
18	Platform	4	0.000000	96.606304	category
19	Processor	3	0.000000	90.853001	category
21	OsBuild	76	0.000000	43.888679	int16
56	Census_OSBranch	32	0.000000	44.938246	category
22	OsSuite	14	0.000000	62.328886	int16
23	OsPlatformSubRelease	9	0.000000	43.888735	category
25	SkuEdition	8	0.000000	61.809690	category
27	AutoSampleOptIn	2	0.000000	99.997108	int8
34	Census_MDC2FormFactor	13	0.000000	64.152103	category
35	Census_DeviceFamily	3	0.000000	99.838256	category
1	ProductName	6	0.000000	98.935569	category
45	Census_HasOpticalDiskDrive	2	0.000000	92.281272	int8
54	Census_OSVersion	469	0.000000	15.845202	category
55	Census_OSArchitecture	3	0.000000	90.858045	category
82	HasDetections	2	0.000000	50.020731	int8

上文中有12个是超过99%的,故而删去这一些:

droppable_features.extend(sk_df[sk_df.skewness > 99].column.tolist())
droppable_features

结果:

['PuaMode',
 'Census_ProcessorClass',
 'Census_IsWIMBootEnabled',
 'IsBeta',
 'Census_IsFlightsDisabled',
 'Census_IsFlightingInternal',
 'AutoSampleOptIn',
 'Census_ThresholdOptIn',
 'SMode',
 'Census_IsPortableOperatingSystem',
 'PuaMode',
 'Census_DeviceFamily',
 'UacLuaenable',
 'Census_IsVirtualDevice']

上面就是我们要删去的目录,但我们发现有两个PuaMode,这是因为它满足我们前面所说的两个问题,而如前面所说,我们并没有删去这些值,故而同时满足前面两个问题,就会被放进目录两次,故而删去其中一个

droppable_features.remove('PuaMode')

那么接下来我们就把目录中的这些从数据集中删去:

train.drop(droppable_features, axis=1, inplace=True)

虽然前面做了数据处理,但肯定还没完,还有许多特征的特征值为空,我们接下来会对缺失值超过10%的特征进行填充,就是说,举个例子:缺失值是NaN,而我们用0值赋给它,有多少个Nan值,我们就将这些值全部变成0。然后就是对缺失值低于10%的特征进行休整,也就是删除这些特征值为NaN所在的行,记住是删除行,不是列,也就是我们只是删去它的含有NaN值的样本。那么为什么我们对缺失值超过10%的特征进行填补,而对低于10%的进行删除呢?这是因为:缺失值超过10%的特征,其中含有NaN值的行数太多,我们建一个模型,一定要有足够的数据,而缺失值超过10%的那些特征(有的可能30%,有的可能50%,甚至更多)中含有NaN值的行数加起来估计已经达到过半的样本了,甚至更多,若删去,那么对数据的保存太少,对模型训练不利,故我们只对缺失值超过10%的特征进行填补,低于10%的进行 “样本删除”。

null_counts = train.isnull().sum()
null_counts = null_counts / train.shape[0]
null_counts[null_counts > 0.1]

输出结果:

DefaultBrowsersIdentifier    0.9514
OrganizationIdentifier       0.3084
SmartScreen                  0.3561
Census_InternalBatteryType   0.7105
dtype: float64

以上便是缺失值超过10%的特征,我们一个一个进行:
第一个:

train.DefaultBrowsersIdentifier.value_counts().head(5)

进行查看:

239.0000      46056
3,195.0000    42692
1,632.0000    28751
3,176.0000    24220
146.0000      20756
Name: DefaultBrowsersIdentifier, dtype: int64

填补:

train.DefaultBrowsersIdentifier.fillna(0, inplace=True)

第二个:

train.SmartScreen.value_counts()

进行查看:

RequireAdmin    4316183
ExistsNotSet    1046183
Off              186553
Warn             135483
Prompt            34533
Block             22533
off                1350
On                  731
              416
              335
on                  147
requireadmin         10
OFF                   4
0                     3
Promt                 2
requireAdmin          1
Enabled               1
prompt                1
warn                  1
00000000              1
                1
Name: SmartScreen, dtype: int64

填补:

trans_dict = {
    'off': 'Off', '': '2', '': '1', 'on': 'On', 'requireadmin': 'RequireAdmin', 'OFF': 'Off', 
    'Promt': 'Prompt', 'requireAdmin': 'RequireAdmin', 'prompt': 'Prompt', 'warn': 'Warn', 
    '00000000': '0', '': '3', np.nan: 'NoExist'
}
train.replace({'SmartScreen': trans_dict}, inplace=True)

第三个:

train.OrganizationIdentifier.value_counts()

查看:

27.0000    4196457
18.0000    1764175
48.0000      63845
50.0000      45502
11.0000      19436
37.0000      19398
49.0000      13627
46.0000      10974
14.0000       4713
32.0000       4045
36.0000       3909
52.0000       3043
33.0000       2896
2.0000        2595
5.0000        1990
40.0000       1648
28.0000       1591
4.0000        1385
10.0000       1083
51.0000        917
20.0000        915
1.0000         893
8.0000         723
22.0000        418
39.0000        413
6.0000         412
31.0000        398
21.0000        397
47.0000        385
3.0000         331
16.0000        242
19.0000        172
26.0000        160
44.0000        150
29.0000        135
42.0000        132
7.0000          98
41.0000         77
45.0000         73
30.0000         64
43.0000         60
35.0000         32
23.0000         20
15.0000         13
25.0000         12
12.0000          7
34.0000          2
38.0000          1
17.0000          1
Name: OrganizationIdentifier, dtype: int64

填补:

train.replace({'OrganizationIdentifier': {np.nan: 0}}, inplace=True)

第四个:

pd.options.display.max_rows = 99
train.Census_InternalBatteryType.value_counts()

查看:

lion        2028256
li-i         245617
#            183998
lip           62099
liio          32635
li p           8383
li             6708
nimh           4614
real           2744
bq20           2302
pbac           2274
vbox           1454
unkn            533
lgi0            399
lipo            198
lhp0            182
4cel            170
lipp             83
ithi             79
batt             60
ram              35
bad              33
virt             33
pad0             22
lit              16
ca48             16
a132             10
ots0              9
lai0              8
ÿÿÿÿ              8
lio               5
4lio              4
lio              4
asmb              4
li-p              4
0x0b              3
lgs0              3
icp3              3
3ion              2
a140              2
h00j              2
5nm1              2
lhpo              2
a138              2
lilo              1
li-h              1
lp                1
li?               1
ion              1
pbso              1
3500              1
6ion              1
@i              1
li               1
sams              1
ip               1
8                 1
#TAB#             1
l&#TAB#          1
lio              1
˙˙˙              1
l                1
cl53              1
liÿÿ              1
pa50              1
í-i              1
÷ÿóö              1
li-l              1
h4°s              1
d                 1
lgl0              1
4ion              1
0ts0              1
sail              1
p-sn              1
a130              1
2337              1
lÿÿÿ              1
Name: Census_InternalBatteryType, dtype: int64

填补:

trans_dict = {
    '˙˙˙': 'unknown', 'unkn': 'unknown', np.nan: 'unknown'
}
train.replace({'Census_InternalBatteryType': trans_dict}, inplace=True)

以上就对缺失值超过10%的特征进行看填补了:
接下来我们看数据文件的数据大小:

train.shape

输出结果:

(8921483, 70)

有8921483行,70列,就是说有8921483个样本,每个样本有70个特征。
那我们接下来就对缺失值低于10%的样本进行样本删除:

train.dropna(inplace=True)
train.shape

结果:

(7667789, 70)

还剩7667789个样本。
由于MachineIdentifier这个特征对预测没有用,所以我们也删去这个特征

train.drop('MachineIdentifier', axis=1, inplace=True)

为了是数据能够用于机器学习,我们需要把一些数据的类型转化为category类型

train['SmartScreen'] = train.SmartScreen.astype('category')
train['Census_InternalBatteryType'] = train.Census_InternalBatteryType.astype('category')

cate_cols = train.select_dtypes(include='category').columns.tolist()

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
le = LabelEncoder()

for col in cate_cols:
    train[col] = le.fit_transform(train[col])

LabelEncoder()函数是用来对数据进行编号的,或者说转化为标号,毕竟机器学习是通过次数进行学习,所以两个3和两个4其实没啥区别。
之后,我们便来对运行开销进行一下缩减:

def reduce_mem_usage(df):
    """ iterate through all the columns of a dataframe and modify the data type
        to reduce memory usage.        
    """
    start_mem = df.memory_usage().sum() / 1024**2
    print('Memory usage of dataframe is {:.2f} MB'.format(start_mem))
    
    for col in df.columns:
        col_type = df[col].dtype
        
        if col_type != object:
            c_min = df[col].min()
            c_max = df[col].max()
            if str(col_type)[:3] == 'int':
                if c_min > np.iinfo(np.int8).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int8).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int8)
                elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int16).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int16).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int16)
                elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int32).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int32).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int32)
                elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int64).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int64).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int64)  
            else:
                if c_min > np.finfo(np.float16).min and c_max < np.finfo(np.float16).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float16)
                elif c_min > np.finfo(np.float32).min and c_max < np.finfo(np.float32).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float32)
                else:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float64)
                    else:
            df[col] = df[col].astype('category')

    end_mem = df.memory_usage().sum() / 1024**2
    print('Memory usage after optimization is: {:.2f} MB'.format(end_mem))
    print('Decreased by {:.1f}%'.format(100 * (start_mem - end_mem) / start_mem))
    
    return df

%time
train = reduce_mem_usage(train)

上面的代码是什么意思呢:举个例子,一个整数100,我们可以怎样存储呢?可以用8位(-128-127)来存储,也可以用16位,32位,64位,但怎样才是将运行开销变换成最小呢?就是8位,故而从8位开始判断,逐渐到64位,达到将每一个数用最小的位去存储。这样就降低运行开销啦。
以下是输出结果:

CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
Wall time: 5.48 µs
Memory usage of dataframe is 2464.34 MB
Memory usage after optimization is: 965.26 MB
Decreased by 60.8%

做完前面的工作,我们发现还是有很多特征,而且我们还可以进行优化,那就是相关处理,举个例子,两个数a和b,a增加,b也增加,a减少,b也减少,那么这两个数就有相关性,若a增减10,而b也增减10,那么a和b的相关性就很大,若一个增加100,一个只增加1,这种情况下即使有相关性也不大,我们要选择有相关性且相关性大的特征进行处理,因为相关性太大,就是说我留下a和b和留下a和留下b三种情况是一样的,就像做题,两套题都一样,我选一套就够了。所以选择相关性超过99%的特征处理

由于特征比较多,我们就每次10个来比较,最后再总体查看:

cols = train.columns.tolist()
import seaborn as sns

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
co_cols = cols[:10]
co_cols.append('HasDetections')
sns.heatmap(train[co_cols].corr(), cmap='RdBu_r', annot=True, center=0.0)
plt.title('Correlation between 1 ~ 10th columns')
plt.show()

结果:

没有发现超过99%的特征

corr_remove = []
co_cols = cols[10:20]
co_cols.append('HasDetections')
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
sns.heatmap(train[co_cols].corr(), cmap='RdBu_r', annot=True, center=0.0)
plt.title('Correlation between 11 ~ 20th columns')
plt.show()

结果:

发现两个特征相关性超过99%,进行删除其中一个:
先比较那个稳定,即比较那个的出现次数比较多

print(train.Platform.nunique())
print(train.OsVer.nunique())

结果:
3
45

corr_remove.append('Platform')

放进要删除的目录,还没删哦!
这之后就是对每10个特征进行相同的处理,我这里就不进行过多显示,直接跳过:

train.drop(corr_remove, axis=1, inplace=True)
corr = train.corr()
high_corr = (corr >= 0.99).astype('uint8')
plt.figure(figsize=(15,15))
sns.heatmap(high_corr, cmap='RdBu_r', annot=True, center=0.0)
plt.show()

将目录中的特征进行删除,再进行整体查看:
结果:

发现一个,进行删除:

print(train.Census_OSArchitecture.nunique())
print(train.Processor.nunique())

结果:

3
3

发现次数相同,进行相关性查看:

	train[['Census_OSArchitecture', 'Processor', 'HasDetections']].corr()

结果:

	Census_OSArchitecture	Processor	HasDetections
Census_OSArchitecture	1.0000	0.9951	-0.0758
Processor	0.9951	1.0000	-0.0758
HasDetections	-0.0758	-0.0758	1.0000

发现相关性还是一样,那:
看你心情,哪个不爽删哪个。

最后

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