概述
1.主要是计算如下几个结构体的元素:
struct rq { /*必须尽快明白这几个参数的含义*/
………………………………………………………….
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
u64 cumulative_runnable_avg;
u64 window_start;
u64 curr_runnable_sum;
u64 prev_runnable_sum;
u64 nt_curr_runnable_sum;
u64 nt_prev_runnable_sum;
u64 cur_irqload;
u64 avg_irqload;
u64 irqload_ts;
u64 cum_window_demand;
#endif /* CONFIG_SCHED_WALT */
…………………………………………………………….
};
struct task_struct {
......................
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
struct ravg ravg;
/*
* 'init_load_pct' represents the initial task load assigned to children
* of this task
*/
u32 init_load_pct;
u64 last_sleep_ts;
#endif
......................
}
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
/* ravg represents frequency scaled cpu-demand of tasks */
struct ravg {
/*
* 'mark_start' marks the beginning of an event (task waking up, task
* starting to execute, task being preempted) within a window
*
* 'sum' represents how runnable a task has been within current
* window. It incorporates both running time and wait time and is
* frequency scaled.
*
* 'sum_history' keeps track of history of 'sum' seen over previous
* RAVG_HIST_SIZE windows. Windows where task was entirely sleeping are
* ignored.
*
* 'demand' represents maximum sum seen over previous
* sysctl_sched_ravg_hist_size windows. 'demand' could drive frequency
* demand for tasks.
*
* 'curr_window' represents task's contribution to cpu busy time
* statistics (rq->curr_runnable_sum) in current window
*
* 'prev_window' represents task's contribution to cpu busy time
* statistics (rq->prev_runnable_sum) in previous window
*/
u64 mark_start;
/*sum在update_cpu_busy_time和update_task_demand里面更新
* 而sum_history[]在update_task_demand调用update_history里面更新
* sum_history[0]永远是最新的数值,是runtime时间,,数值是通过scale_exec_time转化
* 的
*/
u32 sum, demand;
u32 sum_history[RAVG_HIST_SIZE_MAX];
/*下面三个参数在update_cpu_busy_time函数里面更新的*/
u32 curr_window, prev_window;
u16 active_windows;
};
#endif
下面的章节分别来讲解上面的参数是如何或者,如何计算的。代码主要参考:kernel/sched/walt.c
2.struct rq元素 window_start:
在walt.c文件中如何获取window_start数值呢?
void walt_set_window_start(struct rq *rq)
{
int cpu = cpu_of(rq);
struct rq *sync_rq = cpu_rq(sync_cpu);
if (likely(rq->window_start))
return;
if (cpu == sync_cpu) {
rq->window_start = 1;
} else {
raw_spin_unlock(&rq->lock);
double_rq_lock(rq, sync_rq);
rq->window_start = cpu_rq(sync_cpu)->window_start;
rq->curr_runnable_sum = rq->prev_runnable_sum = 0;
raw_spin_unlock(&sync_rq->lock);
}
rq->curr->ravg.mark_start = rq->window_start;
}
对于上面的函数,执行路径有三条,分别如下:
- migration_call(接受CPU_UP_PREPARE notification event)
- scheduler_tick,周期性获取
- update_window_start,会在walt_update_ravg_task中被调用
第一和第二个是获取window_start的初始数值,第三个在task状态变化是随时更新window_start的数值
对于第一第二调用路径,另外章节在讲解
static void
update_window_start(struct rq *rq, u64 wallclock)
{
s64 delta;
int nr_windows;
delta = wallclock - rq->window_start;
/* If the MPM global timer is cleared, set delta as 0 to avoid kernel BUG happening */
if (delta < 0) {
delta = 0;
WARN_ONCE(1, "WALT wallclock appears to have gone backwards or resetn");
}
if (delta < walt_ravg_window)
return;
/*当前cpu运行的时间wallclock减去task之前设定的window_start时间,看起走过了多少个window_size
,在update task avg demand的时候,update window_start*/
nr_windows = div64_u64(delta, walt_ravg_window);
rq->window_start += (u64)nr_windows * (u64)walt_ravg_window;
rq->cum_window_demand = rq->cumulative_runnable_avg;
}
update_window_start函数被调用在如下函数中:
/* Reflect task activity on its demand and cpu's busy time statistics */
void walt_update_task_ravg(struct task_struct *p, struct rq *rq,
int event, u64 wallclock, u64 irqtime)
{
if (walt_disabled || !rq->window_start)
return;
lockdep_assert_held(&rq->lock);
**update_window_start(rq, wallclock);**
if (!p->ravg.mark_start)
goto done;
update_task_demand(p, rq, event, wallclock);
update_cpu_busy_time(p, rq, event, wallclock, irqtime);
done:
trace_walt_update_task_ravg(p, rq, event, wallclock, irqtime);
p->ravg.mark_start = wallclock;
}
这个函数被调用的路径很多,因为涉及到task,wakeup,idle,fork,migration,irq等等task event的不同处理,在本章的后面在讲解。
从上面可以知道,window_start数值的获取,是通过wallclock减去之前设定的window_start数值,并看这个diff之间存在几个已经设定好的window规格(默认是20ms,五个窗口,我们手机上现在修改为12ms,8个窗口)。计算方式如下:
new_window_start += ((wallclock-window_start)/window_size) *window_size
其中wallclock是系统时间,从开机到现在的实际单位为ns,如果系统suspend了,则wallclock为上次suspend的时间。,代码实现如下:
u64 walt_ktime_clock(void)
{
if (unlikely(walt_ktime_suspended))
return ktime_to_ns(ktime_last);
return ktime_get_ns();
}
static void walt_resume(void)
{
walt_ktime_suspended = false;
}
static int walt_suspend(void)
{
ktime_last = ktime_get();
walt_ktime_suspended = true;
return 0;
}
static struct syscore_ops walt_syscore_ops = {
.resume = walt_resume,
.suspend = walt_suspend
};
static int __init walt_init_ops(void)
{
register_syscore_ops(&walt_syscore_ops);
return 0;
}
late_initcall(walt_init_ops);
3.nt_curr_runnable_sum/nt_prev_runnable_sum的计算
这两个元素没有被使用。
4.cur_irqload/avg_irqloa/irqload_ts的计算
上面三个涉及到irq统计的,一起讲解
/*有如下两条调用路径,分为硬件中断,软件中断两个路径*/
**__irq_enter(__do_softirq)--> account_irq_enter_time --> irqtime_account_irq --> walt_account_irqtime**
/*
* Called before incrementing preempt_count on {soft,}irq_enter
* and before decrementing preempt_count on {soft,}irq_exit.
*/
void irqtime_account_irq(struct task_struct *curr)
{
..........
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
u64 wallclock;
bool account = true;
#endif
.......
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
wallclock = sched_clock_cpu(cpu);
#endif
delta = sched_clock_cpu(cpu) - __this_cpu_read(irq_start_time);
__this_cpu_add(irq_start_time, delta);
irq_time_write_begin();
/*
* We do not account for softirq time from ksoftirqd here.
* We want to continue accounting softirq time to ksoftirqd thread
* in that case, so as not to confuse scheduler with a special task
* that do not consume any time, but still wants to run.
*/
/*我们没有考虑ksoftirqd这里的softirq时间。在这种情况下,我们希望继续将softirq时间计
*算到ksoftirqd线程,以免将调度程序与不消耗任何时间但仍想运行的特殊任务混淆。
*/
if (hardirq_count())
__this_cpu_add(cpu_hardirq_time, delta);
else if (in_serving_softirq() && curr != this_cpu_ksoftirqd())
__this_cpu_add(cpu_softirq_time, delta);
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
else
account = false; //注意这点,出现这种情况应该很少
#endif
irq_time_write_end();
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
if (account)
**walt_account_irqtime(cpu, curr, delta, wallclock);**
#endif
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(irqtime_account_irq);
从上面信息能够看到:
- delta是irq运行时间,unit:ns
- wallclock是当前函数运行在cpu上的系统时间,unit:ns
好,我们现在可以来看上面三个元素如何计算的了:这三个元素初始化在kernel/sched/core.c文件,如下:
void __init sched_init(void)
{
.......................
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
rq->cur_irqload = 0;
rq->avg_irqload = 0;
rq->irqload_ts = 0;
#endif
.......................
}
我们在看看walt_account_irqtime如何对上面三个参数update了:
void walt_account_irqtime(int cpu, struct task_struct *curr,
u64 delta, u64 wallclock)
{
struct rq *rq = cpu_rq(cpu);
unsigned long flags, nr_windows;
u64 cur_jiffies_ts;
raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&rq->lock, flags);
/*
* cputime (wallclock) uses sched_clock so use the same here for
* consistency.
*/
delta += sched_clock() - wallclock;
cur_jiffies_ts = get_jiffies_64();
if (is_idle_task(curr))
walt_update_task_ravg(curr, rq, IRQ_UPDATE, walt_ktime_clock(),
delta);
nr_windows = cur_jiffies_ts - rq->irqload_ts;
**if (nr_windows) {
if (nr_windows < 10) {
/* Decay CPU's irqload by 3/4 for each window. */
rq->avg_irqload *= (3 * nr_windows);
rq->avg_irqload = div64_u64(rq->avg_irqload,
4 * nr_windows);
} else {
rq->avg_irqload = 0;
}
rq->avg_irqload += rq->cur_irqload;
rq->cur_irqload = 0;
}**
rq->cur_irqload += delta;
rq->irqload_ts = cur_jiffies_ts;
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rq->lock, flags);
}
说明如下:
- delta原先数值是irq开始时间到执行函数irqtime_account_irq的时间差值,现在执行到walt_account_irqtime函数,由于中间经过了很多代码指令的执行,再次校正delta数值:delta += sched_clock -wallclock(上次系统时间)
- cur_jiffies_ts获取当前jiffies节拍数。
- nr_windows是计算本地统计irqtime,cur_jiffies_ts与上次统计irqtime,irqload_ts的差值
- 如果nr_windows数值在10节拍内,则每个window衰减 avg_irqload为原先的0.75,否则avg_irqload为0。这里面的含义是说,如果一个rq上的cpu irq中断时间间隔比较长,那么它的avg_irqload就可以忽略不计。同时将当前cur_irqload累加到avg_irqload,一般nr_window不为0。avg_irqload其实是一个累加值。
- 最后更新cur_irqload为累加时间,irqload_ts为当前统计irqtime的jiffies时间。
最后看下看下walt_cpu_high_irqload这个函数是做什么的:
#define WALT_HIGH_IRQ_TIMEOUT 3
u64 walt_irqload(int cpu) {
struct rq *rq = cpu_rq(cpu);
s64 delta;
delta = get_jiffies_64() - rq->irqload_ts;
/*
* Current context can be preempted by irq and rq->irqload_ts can be
* updated by irq context so that delta can be negative.
* But this is okay and we can safely return as this means there
* was recent irq occurrence.
*/
/*当前上下文可以被irq抢占,并且rq-> irqload_ts可以通过irq上下文更新,以便delta可以是
负数。但这没关系,我们可以安全返回,因为这意味着最近发生了irq。怎么会为负数呢?
*/
if (delta < WALT_HIGH_IRQ_TIMEOUT)
return rq->avg_irqload;
else
return 0;
}
int walt_cpu_high_irqload(int cpu) {
return walt_irqload(cpu) >= sysctl_sched_walt_cpu_high_irqload;
}
是判断当前cpu irqload是否过高的。其中:
__read_mostly unsigned int sysctl_sched_walt_cpu_high_irqload =
(10 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
为10ms,如果当前cpu上avg_irqload超过10ms,则过高。WALT_HIGH_IRQ_TIMEOUT这个宏表示,如果当前时间减去计算irqtime的时间diff小于这个宏,则认为irqload还影响着系统,就需要返回avg_irqload,也就是累加的irqload数值,为何是3呢?不太明白?
find_best_target,如果walt_cpu_high_irqload返回值为1,怎此cpu不合适,继续遍历其他cpu函数,并且每次都会判决,这个函数是做负载均衡的,目的是在sched domain里面找到最佳的cpu,之后将task迁移过去。负载均衡是很大的内容,以后在细看。
5.cumulative_runnable_avg的计算
这个数值的计算依赖task元素ravg里面的demand,即task->ravg.demand,而且结构体简介了demand的意义:
/*
* 'demand' represents maximum sum seen over previous
* sysctl_sched_ravg_hist_size windows. 'demand' could drive frequency
* demand for tasks.
*/
大致意思是:
demand是基于之前窗口获取的max sum,对于task,demand能够驱动频率需求。这个demand应该是一个非常重要,对于频率的改变,从下面两个调用可以理解:
/*rt.c ,两个sched_class*/
static inline unsigned long task_walt_util(struct task_struct *p)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT
if (!walt_disabled && sysctl_sched_use_walt_task_util) {
unsigned long demand = p->ravg.demand;
return (demand << 10) / walt_ravg_window;
}
#endif
return 0;
}
-------------------------
/*fair.c*/
static inline unsigned long task_util(struct task_struct *p)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WALT /*使用WALT*/
if (!walt_disabled && sysctl_sched_use_walt_task_util) {
unsigned long demand = p->ravg.demand;
return (demand << 10) / walt_ravg_window;
}
#endif
/*使用PELT*/
return p->se.avg.util_avg;
}
在walt.c初始化ravg.demand数值:
static unsigned int task_load(struct task_struct *p)
{
return p->ravg.demand;
}
void walt_init_new_task_load(struct task_struct *p)
{
int i;
/*init_load_windows = 1800 000,应该是1800us*/
u32 init_load_windows =
div64_u64((u64)sysctl_sched_walt_init_task_load_pct *
(u64)walt_ravg_window, 100);
u32 init_load_pct = current->init_load_pct;
p->init_load_pct = 0;
memset(&p->ravg, 0, sizeof(struct ravg));
if (init_load_pct) {
init_load_windows = div64_u64((u64)init_load_pct *
(u64)walt_ravg_window, 100);
}
/*最终code验证了下,init的ravg.demand数值一直都是1800us*/
p->ravg.demand = init_load_windows;
for (i = 0; i < RAVG_HIST_SIZE_MAX; ++i)
p->ravg.sum_history[i] = init_load_windows;
}
对于这个函数的解释如下
- current->init_load_psc这个元素,是task_struct里面的元素,意思表示,这个task分配给children的初始化task load,但是没有看到在哪里赋值,所以为0,而且本地验证这个数值一直也是为0的;
- 所以可以得到arvg.demand数值为init_load_windows了,
- 同时初始化ravg.sum_history[]数组元素。
- walt_init_task_load在wakeup一个新创建的task和创建一个新task是被调用,如下:
/*
* Perform scheduler related setup for a newly forked process p.
* p is forked by current.
*
* __sched_fork() is basic setup used by init_idle() too:
*/
static void __sched_fork(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *p)
{
..........
walt_init_new_task_load(p);
............
}
/*
* wake_up_new_task - wake up a newly created task for the first time.
*
* This function will do some initial scheduler statistics housekeeping
* that must be done for every newly created context, then puts the task
* on the runqueue and wakes it.
*/
void wake_up_new_task(struct task_struct *p)
{
..........
walt_init_new_task_load(p);
..........
}
上面得到了初始化的ravg.demad数值,真实的获取在如下函数中:
/*
* Called when new window is starting for a task, to record cpu usage over
* recently concluded window(s). Normally 'samples' should be 1. It can be > 1
* when, say, a real-time task runs without preemption for several windows at a
* stretch.
*/
static void update_history(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p,
u32 runtime, int samples, int event)
{
u32 *hist = &p->ravg.sum_history[0];
int ridx, widx;
u32 max = 0, avg, demand;
u64 sum = 0;
/* Ignore windows where task had no activity */
if (!runtime || is_idle_task(p) || exiting_task(p) || !samples)
goto done;
/* Push new 'runtime' value onto stack */
widx = walt_ravg_hist_size - 1;
ridx = widx - samples;
for (; ridx >= 0; --widx, --ridx) {
hist[widx] = hist[ridx];
sum += hist[widx];
if (hist[widx] > max)
max = hist[widx];
}
for (widx = 0; widx < samples && widx < walt_ravg_hist_size; widx++) {
hist[widx] = runtime;
sum += hist[widx];
if (hist[widx] > max)
max = hist[widx];
}
p->ravg.sum = 0;
if (walt_window_stats_policy == WINDOW_STATS_RECENT) {
demand = runtime;
} else if (walt_window_stats_policy == WINDOW_STATS_MAX) {
demand = max;
} else {
avg = div64_u64(sum, walt_ravg_hist_size);
if (walt_window_stats_policy == WINDOW_STATS_AVG)
demand = avg;
else
demand = max(avg, runtime);
}
/*上面的代码分如下几部分:
1.首先获取sum_history数值指针放在hist指针中,并将前widx-samples个元素往后移动,
比如widx-samples为3,widx为最大数组索引,则将前三个元素往后移动,移动从最大索引
开始覆盖,并计算这个三个元素之后和最大值
2. 将samples个元素插入到第一步没有覆盖的数组中,再次累加,和计算最大数值
3. 根据policy,如何得到一个task的WALT,是最近的值 or 是最大值,还是平均值亦或是
最大值与最近值的最大者
*/
/*
* A throttled deadline sched class task gets dequeued without
* changing p->on_rq. Since the dequeue decrements hmp stats
* avoid decrementing it here again.
*
* When window is rolled over, the cumulative window demand
* is reset to the cumulative runnable average (contribution from
* the tasks on the runqueue). If the current task is dequeued
* already, it's demand is not included in the cumulative runnable
* average. So add the task demand separately to cumulative window
* demand.
*/
/* 上面这段话的目的是校正参数,分两种情况。第一种,task在rq queue里面,上次task
的demand为x,本次计算为y,则cpu负载:cumulative_runnable_avg += (y-x)。
第二种情况task不在rq queue里面,并且当前task是本次计算demand的task,则直接计算
window load,cum_window_demand += y;感觉还是没有讲清楚,在仔细check下
*/
if (!task_has_dl_policy(p) || !p->dl.dl_throttled) {
if (task_on_rq_queued(p))
fixup_cumulative_runnable_avg(rq, p, demand);
else if (rq->curr == p)
fixup_cum_window_demand(rq, demand);
}
p->ravg.demand = demand; //更新ravg.demand
done:
trace_walt_update_history(rq, p, runtime, samples, event);
return;
}
ravg.demand update,cumulative_runnable_avg和cum_window_demand补偿如下:
有下面三个途径会修rq的cumulative_runnable_avg:
- walt_inc_cumulative_runnable_avg,task enqueue会修改
- walt_dec_cumulative_runnable_avg,task dequeue会修改
- fixup_cumulative_runnable_avg,update_history会修改
修改cummulative_runnable_avg的拓扑图如下:
从上面可以知道cumulative_runnable_avg的数值来源是按照这样来的: - 获取初始值ravg.demand
- 在tick scheduler和task wakeup schedule过程中,update,walt_update_task_ravg,之后会调用到update_history函数,来更新ravg.demand,唯一的更新路径。
- 同时在各个sched_class enqueue和dequque过程中调用函数增减函数来更新cumulative_runnable_avg数值,其实就是叠加或者减少ravg.demand数值,也说明了demand这个元素的意义了,它的大小直接影响utilization。
6.cum_window_demand/prev_runnable_sum/curr_runnable_sum/ravg.curr_window/ravg.prev_window
由于上面的几个参数柔和在一起,互相影响,所以就在一起讲解了。
从第5节可以看到cum_window_demand数值与cumulative_runnable_avg有很大关系,下面来讲解这个,下面是更新cum_window_demand的调用路径:
- 每次更新(task enqueue/dequeue)cumulative_runnable_avg就必然会update cum_window_demand(根据当前进程的状态来觉得是否要update,可以从6.1.1节方框图可以看到)
- task状态变化,如迁移到另一个cpu上
上面是cum_window_demand的更新,下面讲解prev_runnable_sum和curr_runnable_sum:
需要先看下ravg.curr_window和prev_window怎么计算的。
这里面涉及到的内容还是蛮多的,我们知道curr_runnable_sum是当前task在此rq里面runnable的时间累加,在ravg.curr_window是当前,涉及到的计算如下:
6.1 如果task的状态发生变化,上面的四个参数都会跟随变化,正常路径,walt_update_task_ravg是从这里更新,操作如下:
if (p->ravg.curr_window) {
src_rq->curr_runnable_sum -= p->ravg.curr_window;
dest_rq->curr_runnable_sum += p->ravg.curr_window;
}
if (p->ravg.prev_window) {
src_rq->prev_runnable_sum -= p->ravg.prev_window;
dest_rq->prev_runnable_sum += p->ravg.prev_window;
}
6.2 如果task发生任务迁移,即task从一个cpu迁移到newcpu,则需要fix cpu的busy time,也就是上面的逻辑图所示的。被调用set_task_cpu即将当前的task迁移到newcpu上。
6.3 按照walt_update_task_ravg的路径来讲解上面四个参数是怎么计算的。
分三种类型来计算:
- type1: task event在一个window内,只需要将wc-ms的执行时间累加到ravg.sum上即可
- type2:task跨两个window:更新ravg.sum和ravg.sum_history[]最后一个数值。
- type3:task跨超过两个window:更新ravg.sum和ravg.sum_history[]更新n个窗口的数值。
目的都是通add_to_task_demand更新一个窗口内的ravg.sum数值。并且根据相应的条件调用update_history来更新ravg.sum_history数值。计算方式很巧妙。至此计算完毕了一个task的demand并存储在ravg.sum中,这个数值是一个window窗口task占用的数值。通过update_cpu_busy_time计算rq curr_runnable_sum/prev_runnable_sum数值
分的更加精细,也是通过上面的三种类型来计算prev_runnable_sum和curr_runnable_sum数值,同时更新ravg.active_window,curr_window,prev_window。计算一个task的runnable时间通过函数scal_exec_time,频率和capacity,时间归一化函数来计算runnable时间。例如:new_window=ravg.mark_start - window_start,如果它为0,则占用窗口的时间为delta=wallclock-mark_start时间,转化为runnable时间为curr_runnable_sum+=scale_exec_time(delta,rq),如果task不是idle/退出的thread,则ravg.curr_window+=delta。很有意思的计算方式。设定new_window=ravg.mark_start-window_start,先初始化ravg.curr_window,prev_window,active_windows数值。update_cpu_busy_time执行流程如下:
- 如果task的状态是idle/exit等,如果new_window==0,则直接返回,否则将curr_runnable_sum清零,prev_runnable_sum根据窗口大小是否使用之前数值还是清零。
- new_window==0,即mark_start与window_start在一个窗口内,计算得到curr_runnable_sum+=scale_exec_time(wc-mark_start,rq);
- new_window==1,分如下三种情况来处理,窗口是否需要rollover
1. 计算的task不是current thread,即标记p_is_curr_task为空,窗口不需要roll over
2. !irqtime || !is_idle_task§ || cpu_is_waiting_on_io(rq),即irqtime为0,或者p不是idle进程或者当前rq正在waiting io,cpu_is_waiting_on_io被设定为一直返回0。窗口需要roll over
3. irqtime != 0,窗口也需要roll over,但是计算方式与2是不一样的。
主要的计算思想如下:
- 首先计算窗口数量,nr_window=(window_start-mark_start)/window_size(常量)。
- 如果nr_window==0,则计算之前窗口运行的时间delta=scale_exec_time(window-mark_start,rq),如果task不是exiting进程,则ravg.prev_window+=delta
- 如果nr_window!=0,则delta=scale_exec_window(window_size,rq),如果task不是exiting进程,则ravg.prev_window=delta。
- 如果需要roll over则,prev_runnable_sum+=delta;否则prev_runnable_sum=delta
- 计算当前task的runnable:curr_runnable_sum=scale_exec_time(wallclock-window_start,rq)
- 如果task不是idle进程,则ravg.curr_window=delta
从上面能够清晰的看到,curr_runnable_sum/ravg.curr_window数值,都是wallclock-window_start归一化时间,对于irqtime为1的情况可以看code稍有不同,但是原理都是类似的。重要的是要注意窗口在什么状态会roll over,记住这点,其他计算方案都类似。
还有很多scheduler的内容没有弄明白,需要继续check!
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