Ubuntu16.04安装docker（亲测百分百有效） 还有helloworld镜像不成功的解决方法

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# 先更新一下软件源库信息
$ sudo apt-get update 
$ sudo apt-get install 
    apt-transport-https 
    ca-certificates 
    curl 
    software-properties-common

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# 添加 Docker 官方的 GPG 密钥（为了确认所下载软件包的合法性，需要添加软件源的 GPG 密钥）
$ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

# 设置稳定版本的apt仓库地址
$ sudo add-apt-repository 
   "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu 
   $(lsb_release -cs) 
   stable"

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$ curl -fsSL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

$ sudo add-apt-repository 
     "deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu 
     $(lsb_release -cs) 
     stable"

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$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install docker-ce # 安装最新版的docker

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$ apt-cache policy docker-ce # 查看可供安装的所有docker版本
$ sudo apt-get install docker-ce=17.03.1~ce-0~ubuntu # 安装指定版本的docker
``
# 检查docker是否安装成功
$ docker --version # 查看安装的docker版本

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Got permission denied while trying to connect to the Docker daemon socket at unix:///var/run/docker.sock: Get http://%2Fvar%2Frun%2Fdocker.sock/v1.26/images/json: dial unix /var/run/docker.sock: connect: permission denied

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$ cd /var/run
$ ll | grep docker
# 输出如下
drwx------  8 root  root    180 11月 21 16:36 docker
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root      5 11月 21 16:35 docker.pid
srw-rw----  1 root  docker    0 11月 21 16:35 docker.sock

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$ sudo gpasswd -a ${USER} docker

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sudo service docker restart

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newgrp - docker

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$ docker run hello-world

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

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#touch  /etc/docker/daemon.json

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{ 
"registry-mirrors": ["https://alzgoonw.mirror.aliyuncs.com"] 
}

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#systemctl restart docker
#sudo systemctl status docker