如何写自己的壳

Writing Your Own Packer - by BigBoote --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Intro Why write your own packer when there are so many existing ones to choose from? Well, aside from making your executables smaller, packing is a good way to quickly and easily obfuscate your work. Existing well-know packers either have an explicit 'unpack' function, or there are readily available procdump scripts for generating an unpacked version.Since this document has quickly exploded in length I'm going to break it up into separate installments. In this installment I will cover the qualitative aspects of producing a packer. I'll discuss what you're getting into and how the packer is structured in general. I'll briefly discuss some pitfalls, and I'll give some links to technical information you will need to be familiar with before going into the next installments.In the next two installments I'll go into details of how to implement the components of the packer and how I usually go about producing them.在有很多壳可以选择的今天,为什么要写自己的壳?除了可以让你的程序更小以外,并且加壳可以很容易的保护你的工作.现有的知名壳大多数都可以轻易获得"脱壳"的方法甚至写好的脚本来产生没有壳的程序.因为这篇文章下笔之后很快就变得很长了,我准备把文章分成多个部分.在这个部分我会覆盖关于加壳的方方面面,我将会讨论你需要准备什么知识,以及壳的一般构架,简单地说明一些陷阱,并给出一些需要阅读的连接,方便你进入下一个部分.在下两个部分,我将会深入壳的各个部分的实现细节以及我一般是如何实现的.What You're Getting IntoIt's not really hard, per se, but it is rather tedious code. Lots of pointer manipulation and translation to keep track of. Aside from that, if you can write code to add and subtract integers and do file IO, you've got all the skill needed! As mentioned, it is tedious code so you will probably do well to not attempt this coding on a hangover; trust me, I know.FYI, the last packer I produced was fairly full-functioned (exes and dlls, several compression algorithms with debug capability and advanced support such as TLS (critical for Delphi apps)) and it weighed in at about 3700 lines for the packer tool and about 1000 lines for the decompression stub it embeds in the target. That's somewhere around 70 printed pages of code. So, not a huge app, but not a tiny one either. The first one I produced took about 1.5 weeks to produce including research and bug fixing. Subsequent ones took far less since I had already done the hard part, which is figuring out how. Hopefully this document will save you that time as well!You do not have to use assembler for the most part. If you can part with supporting some esoteric features, you won't have to use it at all. All of that is relevant for the decompression stub only anyway. The packer can be in Logo or Object-Oriented COBOL if you like.OK, enough of the blahblahblah, on to technical stuff....你应该准备的知识.从本质上讲,真的不是很难,但是代码相当冗长乏味.需要追踪非常多的指针操作以及转换,除此之外只要你会编写算术加减以及文件IO操作,你就具备了足够的技能.因为如前面说的,代码比较冗长,所以你应该去尝试把代码写好写完,而不是留下部分不写,相信我,我知道的.FYI,目前为止我做的最后一个壳,功能已经很完善了(支持exe和dll,具有调试能力的一些压缩算法,高级技术上支持TLS(对Delphi程序尤其重要))并且不过3700行用于加壳,1000行代码用于解压在目标代码中的桩代码.打印出来70页左右.所以这并不是一个特别大的程序.但也不小.我第一个壳花了一周半来研究编写以及除错,接下来的时间就更短了,必须指出的是我已经做过最困难的部分了.希望这份文档也能帮你节约时间.在许多部分你并不需要使用汇编代码.只要你不去支持一些深奥复杂的特性,甚至完全不用使用汇编.只在解压桩代码的时候需要用到.只要你喜欢,LOGO甚至面向对象的COBOL都可以胜任.OK,说的差不多了,继续技术的讨论.Big PictureSimple. Executable is analyzed, transformed, and an extra piece of code is attached which gets invoked instead of the original program. This piece is called a 'stub' and decompresses the image to its original location. Then it jumps to that original location. But you know this already.Sounds simple, but there are pitfalls that await you. Some of these include:* Support for simplified Thread Local Storage, which is key in supporting Delphi applications* Support for code relocation fixups in dlls if you care about packing dlls. Recall ActiveX controls are dlls too, as are other common things you might be interested in packing* Support for some stuff that must be available even in the compressed form. This includes some of your resources and export names in dlls* Dealing with bound imports* Support for stripping out directory entries that will confuse the Windows loader since the decompression won't have happened and they will point to nothing useful, like the IAT and debug info* Support for doing relocation fixups manually on your decompression stub since it will certainly be in a different memory location than where the linker thought it would be when it was compiled* Dealing with differences in interpretation of the PE spec between different vendor's linkers. Borland linkers interpret aspects of the spec differently from Microsoft's so you need to be ready for that.* Working around bugs in Microsoft code. There is an infamous one relating to OLE and the resource section. Many packers do not accommodate this and this is important for ActiveX support.总体流程其实很简单,分析可执行文件,变化并且附加一个额外的将会被执行的代码取代之前的程序.这段代码称为"桩"并且可以解压到以前的位置.然后跳到那个位置执行.但是这些你都已经知道了.听起来简单,但是仍然有很多陷阱在等着你.包括:* 支持简化线程局部存储(Thread Local Storage), 这个是Delphi程序的关键.* 如果关注dll的加壳的话,那么需要支持dll的重定位表的修复.要记得ActiveX也是Dll,也是经常出现的而你又想要去加壳的.* 支持一些内容在被压缩的时候也要可以获取,比如你的资源和dll的导出函数表.* 处理导入表.* 支持擦除那些会让Windows加载器不知所措的目录项,因此在加载的时候解压完全还没有发生,比如IAT表和调试信息.* 在解压桩函数的时候支持手动对重定位表的修复,因为代码有可能会存在于与和联接器在编译的时候认为的不一样的地方.* 处理厂家的联接器对PE规格的不同处理.Borland和Microsoft的就不一样,你必须要作好准备.* 要和Microsoft代码的bugs做斗争.有个关于OLE以及资源段的声名狼籍的的一个bug,很多壳都不能很好的处理,而这又对ActiveX的支持非常重要.First StepOK, enough of the horror stories. The first step is to get painfully familiar with the file format of executables. This is called the 'Portable Executable' format, or PE for short. I will discuss it briefly here. You will need more detail in reality. Rather than attempting to duplicate that, here are some references you will find helpful:The Portable Executable File Format from Top to Bottom第一步讲的恐怖故事已经够了.第一步是要熟悉执行文件格式,即"可移植执行文件(Portable Executable)"格式,简称PE文件格式.我会简单讨论一下,但是你需要了解更多的细节.为了避免重复,下面这些读物或许对你有帮助:PE文件彻底解析http://mup.anticrack.de/Randy%20Kath%20-%20PE%20Format.html/易读的好文,虽然不是完全准确.比如犯了认为导入段必须存在的致命错误--实际上不一定.但是仍然是好文.深入了解PE文件格式http://www.msdnaa.net/Resources/Display.aspx?ResID=1083http://www.msdnaa.net/Resources/display.aspx?ResID=1323非常不错的文章,除了资源段讨论不够.Microsoft的PE以及COFF说明http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hwdev/hardware/pecoff.mspx枯燥,但是准确.Next StepOK, after you've gotten familiar with those, we can start to write some code. I'm going to save that for the next installments (probably two). They will detail:* Making the Unpacker StubThe stub has several responsibilities aside from the obvious decompression. It also has to perform duties normally done by the Windows loader.* Making the Packer ApplicationThe packer application does all the hard work. This makes since when you realize the stub is supposed to do as little as possible to have a minimum impact on runtime.I'll try to keep code examples to a minimum but there may be some reference to structure members when describing what's going on and maybe a snippet or two where code is clearer than human language. Most of the important structures can be found in WINNT.H for those who wish to read ahead 下一步当你熟悉了文件格式之后,我们可以开始写代码了.具体内容留待下面的部分介绍(可能需要两节),包括:*制作解壳的桩模块除了解压之外此模块还有一些其它功能.比如完成Windows的加载器功能.*制作加壳程序加壳程序要完成所有困难的工作.这是因为要使解壳的桩模块尽量小并且对运行时间影响比较小.我会保持例子代码尽量简单,虽然有时候会使用比自然语言更容易使用的一些结构以及代码片段来描述.对于想先了解一下的读者可以在"WINNT.H"里面找到这些结构.Continuo...This series is about creating exe packers for Windows 32-bit files.Last installment I mentioned some of the big-picture aspects of creating an exe packer. In this installment I am going to talk about a particular part of the packer, the decompression stub. This is the simpler part. In the next installment(s) I'll talk about the packer application itself. Again, this isn't going to be source for a packer, but I might do a straightforward one and publish it as an addendum to this series if folks are interested in having some working source as a starting point.继续......这个系列是关于制作一个Windows 32位文件的exe加壳工具.在上一个部分我提到了一些制作加壳工具的大框架.在这一部分,我要讲下解压桩模块的细节.这是比较简单的部分.下面的部分我会介绍加壳程序.同样,不会是加壳程序的源代码,但是如果大家觉得可以一个可以工作的源代码能够作为学习的开始的话我可能会给出一个简洁明了的代码作为本文的附录.IntroThe decompression stub has several responsibilities:* Find the packed data* Restore data contents* Perform relocation fixups* Resolve all imports since the Windows loader couldn't do it* Perform thread local storage duties since the Windows loader couldn't do it* Boink over to the original program* You may also have to handle being reentered if you are packing a dllOh, and it also has to run. So lets start with that...介绍解压桩模块需要实现以下几个功能:* 找到加了壳的代码* 恢复数据* 执行重定位修复* 解决所有的导入,因为Windows的加载器不能完成* 完成TLS的职责,因为Windows的加载器不能完成* Boink over to the original program?????* 如果加壳的是个dll,你可能还需要处理重入的问题Oh,还有一点是它需要运行.那么我们从这点开始......A Stub That RunsIt's useful to remember that your decompression stub is actually a parasite onto a program that was never expecting for it to be there. As such, you should try to minimize your impact on the runtime environment in your packer. I had mentioned before that you could make a packer in Logo or Object-Oriented COBOL, and that really was only partially true. You can make the packer application that way fer sure -- and you might even be able to make the unpacker that way sometimes -- but you will really be much happier with C/C++/ASM for the stub part. I personally like C++. Anyway, it will be smaller. If you don't care about the size, still using stuff like Delphi or VB for the stub would be problematic because it hoists in subtle stuff like TLS and runtimes, and they don't have primitives needed to thunk over to the original program. Plus it can hose COM stuff that the original app isn't expecting. So let's assume the unpacker will be in the lower-level languages I spoke of and take solace that this is pretty straightforward code, and that the packer still can be in whatever.Since the stub is a parasite, and since it will have to be located in a spot at the original application's convenience, we will have to be relocating it dynamically in the packer application. To help with this we will make the stub with relocation records. These are usually used for dlls when they can't be loaded at their preferred address. We will make use of them when binding the stub to the original application.If you're an avid ASM coder, many things are more straightforward since you can take care to produce position-independent code. This won't necessarily free you from all relocation concerns, however. The decompression library of choice may well not be position independent. Also, and references to global data will need to be fixed up.一个运行的桩模块需要记住你的解压桩模块是对于原来的程序来说是一个意料之外的寄生虫。所以你要尽量减小对运行效率的影响。之前我说过你可以使用LOGO或者COBOL等来制作壳,但是并不完全正确.你可以用之来写壳程序--有时甚至可以写脱壳程序--但是如果在桩模块上使用C/C++/ASM或许你会更愉快.我个人喜欢C++.不管怎么样,至少产生的代码要小点.如果你不关心大小的话,执行使用Delphi或者VB的话,或许你会在写一些精细的代码时--比如TLS以及运行时--感到困难倍增,并且它们不能在原始程序前面附加代码.此外C++还可以让原来不支持COM的程序有能力运行COM.所以我默认的写壳语言是底层语言,值得安慰的是,代码非常简明,转为别的语言也很容易.因为桩模块是寄生虫,定位在目标进程空间的可能位置,我们必须在加壳程序里面实现动态重定位.这需要在桩模块里面保留重定位信息.不能加载到预定位置的dll就是这么干的.我们在捆绑桩模块到目标程序上时需要这么做.如果你是一个喜欢用ASM编程的程序员，在重定位上许多事情会更简单,因为你可以直接产生与位置无关的代码.但是这并不是说你不要关心动态重定位了.比如,如果你选择的解压库不是位置无关的,那么你仍然需要进行修正.Choice of CompressorYou can pretty much use whatever compressor library you want, so long as you build it in a way that doesn't spew out stuff via printf or other UI functions. There are plenty free compressors out there. You might want to start with something like zlib. It won't give you the best compression, but I know it works in this scenario. Also, another is UCL. This compresses better and is much smaller code-wise. It is GPL, however, and maybe you care about the licensing implications.Check the docs to the compressor you want for configuration options and related stuff. For example, BZip2 requires BZ_NO_STDIO to be defined to have no printf stuff.Configure the build to be compatible with the stub and compression library. For me, I disable RTTI and make sure I am linking the static runtime library, multithreaded. I optimize for size. The output should produce a static library, of course, rather than a dll, since the goal is to add no dependencies beyond the apps original ones.压缩算法的选择你完全可以选择你想要的任何压缩算法库,只要它不用printf之类的函数打印信息,也没有使用其它界面相关的函数.有非常多的免费库以供选择.你可以从例如zlib作为最开始的选择.虽然它不是最好的压缩库,但是我知道它能够工作在现在的环境下.UCL也是不错的选择.压缩算法更好一些并且代码更小.但是是GPL协议的,或许你需要注意下版权问题.仔细阅读所选压缩算法的文档,比如BZip2就要求BZ_NO_STDIO被define的情况下才会没有输出.配置好编译环境以便可以编译桩模块以及压缩库.比如我,我禁用了RTTI并且保证静态联结CRT库,允许多线程.我优化了大小.当然生成的是一个静态联结库而不是dll,因为我们的目标是要求不依赖于以前的程序.Setting Up Projects -- and now for something completely differentOK, I am going to take a brief break from code and technological stuff and talk about project configuration. Normally I wouldn't since that's a personal choice, however this time I will because things I talk about later will be dependent upon some of the configuration assumptions. In real life you don't have to do it this way, but let's temporarily pretend we are and at the end of this series you'll know how you might like to do it different.Big picture is that there will be two projects, producing two distinct executables -- the packer stub and the packer application. Their configuration will be significantly different.We are going to do a bit of ledgerdemain with the stub project which will be explained later, but for now, configure a boiler plate project for your stub thusly:* Produce a DLL* Use static multithreaded runtime libraries* Disable RTTI and exception supportIf there are options for the boilerplate code it generates, make it simple, so that there is just DllMain being implemented. We're going to throw all that away anyway. Go ahead and build it as a sanity check, which should go through fine.We're making the packer stub a DLL not because it will ultimately be a DLL -- it won't. We're doing this because we want the relocation records. You _can_ create it as an exe project and cause it to have relocation records (linker option /FIXED:no), but I find the Microsoft's linker will crash randomly in that configuration. Stick with the DLL config and you'll be OK.Next, change the config thusly (this is for Microsoft's tools, you'll have to look up the equivalents for Borland's or gcc):Linker options:add any library paths your compressor lib will be needing/nodefaultlib don't use default libs/map(filename) DO generate a mapfileremove /debug don't generate debug infochange /incremental:yes to /incremental:no disable incremental linkingCompiler options:add any defines or header paths your compressor lib will be needing/FAcs generate listing files with source, assembly, and machine code/Fa(filename) specify where these listings goremove /GZ compiler-generated stack checksremove any debug options, it won't help us where we're goingthese options are probably available as checkboxes, so you won't have to manually add them.The gist is that we are not going to have normal debug capabilites so we turn off that stuff. Instead, we will be relying on the listing of the compiler-generated assembly to see code and the linker-generated mapfile to see actual addresses. All this is interesting stuff in any project really, but it is all we have for debugging in this one.If you build now you will should get a linker error complaining about an unresolved external symbol DllMainCRTStartup@12. This is good! If you don't get that then the default libs are coming in. The symbol is possible different for Borland stuff. Other errors probably mean something else needs to be fixed; this is the only one you should get for Microsoft's compiler.设置工程----重点是和以前完全不同的地方OK,现在抛开代码和技术问题来谈一下工程的设置.一般我不会谈这个的,因为这往往和个人的喜好有关.但在这里我要强调下工程的设置,因为之后的内容是基于某种工程设置的假设的.实际上你不是非要采用这种设置,但是现在先让我们这么设置,本系列文章完后,你就能明白为什么这么做,以及个性化你的设置总得来说,有两个工程,生成两个不同的执行文件--壳的桩模块以及加壳程序.在设置上两者大相径庭。桩模块的设置有些奇怪，之后会解释，设置如下：* 生成DLL* 使用静态连接的CRT* 禁止RTTI和异常处理如果需要一个最简单的例子的话，那只需要实现DllMain,其它的都不需要，只要代码可以正常运行就可以了。之所以把桩模块设置为dll--尽管其最终不是dll--是因为我需要其中的重定位信息，你也可以编译成exe文件（使用/FIXED:no联结选项），但是我发现有时候，在这样的设置下面MS的联结器会崩溃。因此我想还是最好采用DLL这样不会有什么问题。接着，像下面一样调整设置（下面的设置是针对MS的，至于Borland或者gcc需要自己去寻找对应的选项）：联结选项：添加压缩库所需要的lib路径/nodefaultlib 不要使用默认lib/map(filename) 生成map文件去掉/debug不要产生任何debug信息把/incremental:yes 修成成 /incremental:no 关闭增量编译编译选项：添加压缩库所需要的头文件路径/FAcs 生成代码，汇编以及机器码的列表信息/Fa(filename) 制定列表文件的位置去掉 /GZ 禁止编译器的堆栈检测去掉任何调试选项，这些是没有任何帮助的这些选项可能都可以通过界面设置，而不需要手动设置值得注意的是，桩模块代码没有办法像普通代码一样调试，所以所有调试相关选项都可以关闭。我们通过编译器产生的list文件来阅读代码以及联结器产生的map来得到程序地址。在别的工程中只是调试的手段之一，但是在本工程这是唯一可以帮助我们调试的手段。如果你现在就编译的话你会得到一个报错--unresolved external symbol DllMainCRTStartup@12，这是正常的，否则就是你仍然在使用默认的lib。可能对于Borland来说这个错误说法不一样。如果有其它的报错就是你有什么没有正确设置。对于MS而言你只应该得到一个报错。Runtime dependenciesYou cannot assume what runtime dependencies the original app has. Thus, you cannot make calls to funky dlls (vbrunX.dll, etc). You have no idea if they are there. You will do well to statically link your runtime library. You will do much (much) better, however, to not link any runtime libraries at all! ASM coders will take delight in this fact already, because they are hard-core, but this need not dissuade the C/C++ coders who are accustomed to malloc() strcmp() new std::vector<> or such. All this is doable. You will just have to provide your own implementation of these functions. Fortunately, this is pretty easy since you can call native functions exported by Kernel32.dll. /That/ dll is certainly present, and certainly one that is already used by the original app you are packing so feel free to use it when you like.运行时依赖你不能沿用寄主程序的运行时，否则你不能调用进入一些恐怖的dll，比如vbrunX.dll等等。你甚至都不知道它们的存在。你最好静态联结自己的运行时库。甚至更进一步，你可以不联结任何运行时库。汇编很容易完成这个工作，因为汇编是硬编码，但也没有必要去说服习惯于malloc() strcmp() new std::vector<> 等等的C/C++程序员，我们可以使用其它可行的办法。你只需要自己实现那些函数。幸运的是，这是非常简单的，因为你可以调用Kernel32.dll的导出函数来辅助实现。这个dll在寄主程序中肯定存在的，所以你可以尽情使用而没有任何顾虑。Making a Trivial C Runtime to Link Instead of the Proper OneReplacing the C Runtime might sound scary but remember we only want to implement what is necessary; this will turn out to be a small set of things. The linker will help you figure out what these are. Recall that we turned off default library searching with the /nodefault switch (or equivalent for your linker, that's for Microsoft's). If you configured as I suggested above, we've got a linker error already: DllMainCRTStartup@12 We'll fix that one first.Discard your boiler-plate DllMain. Replace it with:BOOL WINAPI _DllMainCRTStartup ( HANDLE, DWORD, LPVOID ){//(program will go here)return TRUE;}This should resolve the linker error and will be our entry point. The place our program will ultimately go is indicated by the comment. Ultimately we'll never hit the 'return TRUE' statement; it's just there to make the compiler happy, and the function signature is what it is to make the linker happy.If you want to be more arty, you can do the following:#pragma comment ( linker, "/entry:/"StubEntryPoint/"" )void declspec ( naked ) StubEntryPoint() {//(program will go here)}which is syntactically clearer.使用一个无任何功能（Trivial）的C运行时库来代替正确的运行时库替代C运行时库听起来好像很恐怖，但是记住，我们说的技术肯定都是必须的；这样会让代码体积缩小。联结器将会帮你指出哪些需要替换。记得之前我说过用/nodefault开关来关闭使用默认的联结库（这里说的是MS的命令，其它编译器请使用等价的命令）。如果你找我上面所说的完成了设置的话，你将会得到一个联结错误：DllMainCRTStartup@12。我们将会首先修正这个错误。抛弃使用DllMain，使用下面这个来替代：BOOL WINAPI _DllMainCRTStartup ( HANDLE, DWORD, LPVOID ){//(program will go here)return TRUE;}这样可以解决联结的报错，并且成为了我们的入口点。在上面注释的位置书写我们的真正的功能代码。实际上"return TRUE"代码我们永远也不会执行到，写在这里只不过让编译得以通过。函数的形式不过是让联结可以通过。如果你想干得更有美感，你可以这么做：#pragma comment ( linker, "/entry:/"StubEntryPoint/"" )void declspec ( naked ) StubEntryPoint() {//(program will go here)}这样在语法上更加清爽。This is cosmetic so don't feel bad if you find the equivalent pragmas for your compiler/linker. Also, this perverts what the compiler normally thinks about and I have seen it crash randomly. I have found when the compiler gets in a crashing mood, that putting in:asm nopin a couple places seems to get it back on track. Ain't that a laugh?! Whatever...这不过是个修饰，所以你在你的编译器/联结器里面看到（土星按：？怀疑是“没有看到”）等价的命令你也不必发愁。就编译器的通常做法而言，这样很反常，有时候也会导致崩溃。我发现在加入下面代码的时候就会导致崩溃：nop但是在很多地方又可以正常运行.不管怎样,难道这不像个笑话?As code is added, you should periodically build. The linker will add more and more complaints like above and we will have to implement the underlying methods the compiler is emitting references to. Here's a tip: when you installed your dev tools, you may have had the option to install the source to the C Runtime. It will be helpful in some cases since you can cut and paste some parts. In particular, a function:extern "C" declspec ( naked ) void _chkstk(void)is sometimes emitted by the compiler quietly (if you have a large array on the stack, like for a buffer). Just cut-and-paste that one; it's funky.代码添加之后继续编译,联结器又会有类似之前的别的错误产生(土星按:指联结时发现Unresolved的函数).我们需要一个一个的实现.这里有个建议:当你安装你的开发工具时,应该选择安装C运行时的源码.在某些情况下你可以拷贝粘贴里面的代码片段.比如说这个函数:extern "C" declspec ( naked ) void _chkstk(void)经常悄悄地就被联结器引用了(如果你在栈上有一个大数组,比如用作缓冲区的).这个函数最好拷贝:它实在复杂的有点恐怖.FYI, I typically have to implement:memcpymemsetmemcmpmallocfreerealloccallocoperator new ( unsigned int nSize )operator delete ( void* pv )To get you going on what it means to do this sort of roll-your-own-C-runtime, please see the following article. It's good and will save me from repeating the infomation here. There's sample implementation as well.Reduce EXE and DLL Size with LIBCTINY.LIB 你可以参考一下,我一般必须实现了如下几个函数:memcpymemsetmemcmpmallocfreerealloccallocoperator new ( unsigned int nSize )operator delete ( void* pv )要理解你替换这些函数的真正原因,请参看下面的文章.这篇文章讲的很好了,我也就不重复了.文章里面还提供了例子.Reduce EXE and DLL Size with LIBCTINY.LIBhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/01/01/hood/default.aspxOK,我们已经设置好了.Unpacking Stub ResponsibilitiesI mentioned way back that the stub has the following duties:* Find the packed data* Restore data contents* Perform relocation fixups, if needed* Resolve all imports since the Windows loader couldn't do it* Perform thread local storage duties since the Windows loader couldn't do it* Boink over to the original program* You may also have to handle being reentered if you are packing a dllIt's important that the stub restore the original data to it's exact original location. This is because we don't know about what references are in the original code to things like global data structures and functions pointers in things like vtables.Recall that the format of the PE file (links to good discussions were provided in the previous installment) is organized into sections, which have a location and size. This information is stored in the section headers, which describe where the sections go in memory (relative to the load address).To do this properly, we will be needing to know our load address. If we are a stub for an exe we can simply do a GetModuleHandle(NULL) and the returned module handle is the base load address. This won't work for a dll however. The module handle for the dll is on the stack. We can write some code to get it, or we can choose not to do the 'arty entry point' and it is referenceble as a parameter (do not attempt to reference those parameters if it is the stub for an exe unless you are fond of crashes).My preferred technique, however, is to get the packer application to help me out. That way the same stub works for exes and dlls and in the same way. It involves a global variable, and there are going to be several of those, so let me discuss that first.Packer Parameter GlobalsThere are going to be parameters that are computed by the packing application and that will be embedded in the stub so it can do it's work at runtime. These require a bit of special handling because the packer application needs to find these items at pack time. You could hard-code in the addresses into the packer. You would get these addresses from the mapfile generated by the linker. This is a bit tacky because you will have to double check it each time you alter the stub, which will be quite frequently while developing. Instead, I prefer to do a bit of legerdemain with structures, sections, and segments. This only needs to be done for the variables published to the packer. Regular globals you might want to have can be done as usual without concern.First, simple stuff. I make one structure with all the important globals. Then one global instance of that structure. Thus there is only one object the packer has to locate at pack time. Let's call that structure://in a header, say GlobalExternVars.hstruct GlobalExternVars{//stuff goes here};Now we will do some kookiness in our main .cpp file:#pragma data_seg ( ".A$A" )declspec ( allocate(".A$A") ) extern struct GlobalExternVars gev ={//initializers go here};#pragma data_seg ()What the Hell is that? Well, it creates a special data section for our global variables. Dirty little secret about the linker is that it sorts the section names lexically, and discards the portion at the '$' and after. By naming the section '.A$A' we will be forcing the global vars structure to be at the very beginning of the data section, which will be easy for the packing application to locate. Next, we will merge some sections with the following linker options. You can put these on the link line, or you can be fancier and place them in the code with a pragma (if your tools support such). I think putting them in the pragma makes it more obvious from the code standpoint that the stuff is fragile and should be handled carefully if changes are needed.#pragma comment(linker, "/MERGE:.rdata=.A")#pragma comment(linker, "/MERGE:.data=.A")#pragma comment(linker, "/MERGE:.bss=.A")So the global data (and don't forget your compression lib might have some too) will all be merged into one section, with the external variable structure at the very beginning. Oh, notice that I merged .bss in too. This has a subtle simplifying effect. .bss is used to hold _uninitialized_ globals. These don't normally take up file space (since they are uninitialized) but they do take up memory. The packer will have to take this in consideration when laying out the actual stub it builds. By merging it into the data section, it will take up actual file space and thus the packer won't have to worry about it. There will be very little .bss at all so don't be disturbed about it taking up space; we're talking bytes.Computing the Load AddressOK, regardless of whether you have used my technique for publishing packer globals or rolled your own, let's assume that it is done. Now, the original point was that we would be needing the the base address at runtime in the stub so that we can convert Relative Virtual Addresses (RVAs) to actual Virtual Addresses (VAs). Recall the VA = RVA + base address.My technique is to have a published global which is the RVA of the stub entry point. The packer sets this up. The stub then takes the address of the actual entry point, subtracts the RVA computed and stored by the packer, and the result is the load location of the packed executable. I store this result in a 'regular' global (which doesn't need to be part of the GlobalExternVars).I do this first thing in the main stub entry point thusly://global varDWORD load_address = 0; //computed actual load address for convenience//in the stub entry point functionload_address = (DWORD) StubEntryPoint- gev.RVA_stub_entry;Note, if you did not do my entry point rename trick, you would use the name of your funtion instead, possibly _DllMainCRTStartup. This technique always works regardless of wether the appliaton is a DLL or EXE.Once you have the load address you are all set up to decompress to the proper location.Decompressing the Original DataThe compressed data is stuff attached by the packer. Like the stub, it will have stuck it somewhere. It can located most anywhere you like. A popular choice is to locate it at the _end_ of where the original data was located. Then, decompressing that data from start to finish to it's original location causes the data to be ultimately be overwritten. Fancy. This will only work of course if the compressed data is smaller than the original, but we generally hope that our compressor actually, uh, compresses, and makes things smaller.The compressed data is located somewhere placed by the packing application. Where? Who knows. There will be needed a published external global specifying where and setup at pack time. So add a DWORD RVA_compressed_data_start;DWORD compressed_data_size;to the GlobalExternVars struct. Transforming the RVA to the VA by adding the load_addresss previously computed will tell you where the compressed data is located at runtime.The specific format of your compressed data is completely up to you. Since essentially we will be restoring data to original locations, which are chunks (the sections of the original PE file), the simple stream format of:struct original_directory_informationdword section_countsection 1 header{dword RVA_locationdword size}(section 1 compressed data)...The original_directory_information is the stuff in the DataDirectory member of the IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER of the PE headers of the original app. The packer will have changed these values to be suitable for the stub, so it will need to stick the original in the compressed stream so we can get to those values at runtime. This will suffice for the stream. Feel free to add whatever you might like to it as well. The decompression routine pseudo-code is:struct section_header {DWORD RVA_location;DWORD size;};//'regular' non-published globalIMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY origdirinfo IMAGE_NUMBEROF_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES;void decompress_original_data() {void* pvCompData = (void*) ( gev.RVA_compressed_data_start + load_address );initialize_compressor ( pvCompData, gev.compressed_data_size;);decompress_data ( &origdirinfo, sizeof(origdirinfo) );int section_count;decompress_data ( &section_count, sizeof(section_count) );for ( int i = 0; i < section_count; ++i ) {section_header hdr;decompress_data ( &hdr, sizeof(hdr) );void* pvOrigLoc = (void*) ( hdr.RVA_location + load_address );decompress_data ( pvOrigLoc, hdr.size );}cleanup_compressor();}This will be called in the main entry point of the stub right after computing the actual load address.That's it! What could be easier? Well, notice that we're using a stream model for our compressor. Most compression libraries come pretty close to implementing that but you have to do ever so slightly more to make it that simple. I wrap up my compressors in a class so that they all implement the above interface to make things simple like above. Swaping out compressors then just means making a new adaptor class. The rest of the stub need not be touched to put in different compressors/encryptors.Now that all the original data is decompressed into it's original location, we have to do stuff that the Windows loader normally does. This includes relocation fixups, imports lookup, and TLS initialization/thunking.Performing Relocation FixupsThis is really only necessary for packed DLLs since EXEs are supposed to be always loaded at their preferred base address. In fact, relocation records are usually stripped from EXEs so there's nothing to process.Details of the relocation record format are sufficiently detailed in the articles reference in the first installment. For us to process them we:* compute an offset of the preferred base address and the actual load address* find the relocation records from the original directory information we just decompressed * whiz through the records getting the DWORD at the address they indicate and add the offsetPretty straightforward. The format of the relocation records is a little bit odd and is structured the way it is presumably for size considerations. The records are organized as a series of chunks of records, one chunk per page. The records in the chunk reference an offset into the page. Additionally, for padding consideration there are records that are essentially no-ops and should be ignored. Pseudo-code follows:void perform_relocations () {//see if no relocation recordsif ( origdirinfoIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC.VirtualAddress == 0 )return;//compute offsetIMAGE_DOS_HEADER* dos_header = (IMAGE_DOS_HEADER*) load_address;IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32* nt_hdr = (IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32*)&((unsigned char*)load_address)dos_header->e_lfanew;DWORD reloc_offset = load_address - nt_hdr->OptionalHeader.ImageBase;//if we're where we want to be, nothing further to doif ( reloc_offset == 0 )return;//gotta do it, compute the startIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION* ibr_current = (IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION*)(origdirinfoIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC.VirtualAddress + load_address );//compute the endIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION* ibr_end = (IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION*)&((unsigned char*)ibr_current)origdirinfo[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC.Size];//loop through the chunkswhile ( ibr_current < ibr_end && ibr_current->VirtualAddress ) {DWORD RVA_page = ibr_current->VirtualAddress;int count_reloc = ( ibr_current->SizeOfBlock - IMAGE_SIZEOF_BASE_RELOCATION ) / sizeof(WORD);WORD* awRelType = (WORD*)((unsigned char*)ibr_current + IMAGE_SIZEOF_BASE_RELOCATION);for ( int i = 0; i < nCountReloc; ++i ) {WORD wType = awRelTypenIdx >> 12;WORD wValue = awRelTypenIdx & 0x0fff;if ( wType == IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW ) { //do it*((DWORD*)(RVA_page + wValue + load_address)) += reloc_offset;}ibr_current = (IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION*)&((unsigned char*)ibr_current)ibr_current->SizeOfBlock;}}This is the majority of what is needed to support DLLs. There is a little bit more discussed later. Given that this is so straightforward, I'm a little surprised at the number of packers out there that do not support DLLs.The next major thing we have to do is to resolve all the imports. This is only a little more involved that the relocation records.Resolving ImportsResolving the imports consists of walking through the Import Address Table of the original application and doing GetProcAddress to resolve the imports. This is very similar to the relocation record logic that I won't do a pseudo-code example. Details of these structures are given in the links provided in the first installment. The structures all start at:origdirinfoIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IMPORT.VirtualAddressThere are a couple caveats I should mention however:* The structures are wired together via RVA pointers. These need to have the load_address added to make a real pointer* The pointers in the structure to strings are real pointers. These _do_not_ need the load_address added. Relocation processing will have already fixed these up.* Don't forget about importing by ordinal. You will know this is happening because the pointer to the string will have the high bit set ( (ptr & 0x8000000) != 0 ).* Borland and Microsoft linkers do different things, so you have to be prepared to get the string from either of different spots. Basically, there are two parallel arrays, the ImportNameTable which you get from:IMAGE_IMPORT_MODULE_DIRECTORY.dwImportNameListRVAand the ImportAddressTable which you get from:IMAGE_IMPORT_MODULE_DIRECTORY.dwIATPortionRVAThe ImportNameTable is optional. Borland doesn't use it. If it is present, you should use it to get the name of the function and GetProcAddress() it's pointer (the IMAGE_IMPORT_MODULE_DIRECTORY.dwModuleNameRVA has the name of the dll you will need to LoadLibrary() on). Once you get the address, you stick it in the parallel location in the ImportAddressTable array. You do this for each member.In the case when the ImportNameTable is not present, however, as with Borland's linker, you must get the address of the function name from the ImportAddressTable itself. Then you overwrite it with the function address.It is important to use the ImportNameTable in preference to the ImportAddressTable because of a thing called 'bound executables'. If you want to test your work on a bound executable, consider that notepad.exe is bound.After processing each DLL you may or may not wish to do a FreeLibrary. It's going to depend on how you implement your packer application. We'll discuss that in the next installment, and it relates to 'merged imports'. For now, suffice it to say that if you perform merged imports, you can call FreeLibrary, but if you do not, you must not call it. You might want to put the call in and comment it out while developing until you have merged imports implemented. Merged imports is important for properly supporting TLS that potentially exist in implicitly loaded DLLs. This leads into the final responsibility for the stub, which is handling TLS support.Supporting TLSThread Local Storage, or TLS, is a handy programming mechanism. We don't care mostly, since we're not using it, but the original application to be packed might be using it indeed. In fact, Delphi always uses it, and so if we're going to support packing Delphi apps, we better accomodate it.TLS fundamentally is done via API calls. In general, you allocate an 'index' which you store in a global variable. With this index you can get a DWORD value specific to each thread. Normally you use this value to store a pointer to a hunk of memory you allocate once per thread. Because people thought this was tedious, a special mechanism was created to make it easier. Consequently, you can write code like this:declspec ( thread ) int tls_int_value = 0;and each thread can access it's distinct instance by name like any other variable. I don't know if there is an official name for this form of TLS, so I'll call it 'simplified TLS'. This is done in cooperation of the operating system, and there are structures within the PE file that makes it happen. Those structures are contained in a chunk that is pointed to by yet another directory entry:origdirinfoIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_TLS.VirtualAddressThe problem is that the processing of this information happens by the OS on the creation of every thread prior to execution being passed to the thread start address. This would not normally be a concern for us, except that at least one thread has been started before we can unpack the data: our thread! What we have to do is set up a fake TLS management section to capture what the OS has done before we started, then manually copy this information to the original app as our last step.For this, I add two items to the external global packer data structure:GlobalExternVars{//(other stuff we previously described)IMAGE_TLS_DIRECTORY tls_original;IMAGE_TLS_DIRECTORY tls_proxy;};The packer application will copy the original data to tls_original for our use at runtime. tls_proxy will be almost an exact copy, except two items will not be modified from the stub:tls_proxy.AddressOfIndextls_proxy.AddressOfCallBacksIn the stub we will inialize the AddressOfIndex to point to a normal global DWORD variable, and we will initialize AddressOfCallBacks to point to an array of function pointers in the stub. The function pointers array is a list of things that is called whenever a new thread is created. It is intended to be used for user defined initialization of the TLS objects. Alas, no compiler I have seen has ever used them. Moreover, on the Windows 9x line, these functions are not even called. Still, we support it in case one day they are used. We point the AddressOfCallbacks to an array of two items, one pointing to a function of our implementation, and the second being NULL to indicate the end of the list.There will be a global DWORD for the TLS slot:DWORD TLS_slot_index;The TLS callback function must be of the form:extern "C" void NTAPI TLS_callback ( PVOID DllHandle, DWORD Reason, PVOID Reserved );also you add two global booleans indicating that it is safe to invoke the original callbacks, and to indicated that there is a deferred call. Initialize these globals thusly:bool safe_to_callback_tls = false;bool delayed_tls_callback = false;and provide some auxilliary globals to hold data that is delayed:PVOID TLS_dll_handle = NULL;DWORD TLS_reason = 0;PVOID TLS_reserved = NULL;the thunk implementation proceeds as such:extern "C" void NTAPI TLS_callback ( PVOID DllHandle, DWORD Reason, PVOID Reserved ) {if ( safe_to_callback_tls ) {PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK* ppfn = g_pkrdat.m_tlsdirOrig.AddressOfCallBacks;if ( ppfn ) {while ( *ppfn ) {(*ppfn) ( DllHandle, Reason, Reserved );++ppfn;}}} else {delayed_tls_callback = true;TLS_dll_handle = DllHandle;TLS_reason = Reason;TLS_reserved = Reserved;}}This will provide a place for the OS to store the slot info, which we will later restore, and if it does call thunks then we will capture the parameters for later when we will invoke the original thunks after decompression. Again, this is all done because the OS will be doing this stuff before we have a chance to decompress. After we decompress, we pass the call straight to the original application.We handle this last step like so:void FinalizeTLSStuff() {if ( origdirinfoIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_TLS.VirtualAddress != 0 ) {*gev.tls_original.AddressOfIndex = TLS_slot_index;void* TLS_data;asm{mov ecx, DWORD PTR TLS_slot_index;mov edx, DWORD PTR fs:02chmov ecx, DWORD PTR edx+ecx*4mov pvTLSData, ecx}int size = gev.tls_original.EndAddressOfRawData -gev.tls_original.StartAddressOfRawData;memcpy ( pvTLSData, (void*) gev.tls_original.StartAddressOfRawData, size );memset ( (void*) gev.tls_original.EndAddressOfRawData, 0,gev.tls_original.SizeOfZeroFill );}safe_to_callback_tls = true;if ( delayed_tls_callback ) {TLSCallbackThunk ( TLS_dll_handle TLS_reason TLS_reserved );}}Once you have done that, it is finally safe to call over to the original program. You should have a published external global that will be set up by the packing application that specifies the original program's entry point. I will call itDWORD orig_entry;which will be a member of GlobalExternVars. It will be initialized to an RVA and we will fix it up to a VA by adding the load_address. This done only once on the first pass, of course.For EXEs, the entry point will never return. For DLLs it will. Moreover for DLLs there are the original parameters which must be pushed. This brings us to the final topic, the last bit needed for DLL support.Last Bit for DLL SupportEXEs go into their entry point only once, and with no parameters (remember, this is not main(), but well before that). DLLs, on the other hand enter at least twice and perhaps once per thread. Obviously, the stuff we did before (the decompression, relocs, imports, TLS) only needs to be done once. Easy enough, add a global boolean that indicates that stuff was done and set it to true after the first pass.The slightly more tedious thing is producing a stub that works for DLLs and exes, since you will want to return the value.What I like to do is make use of the declspec ( naked ) attibute I applied to the StubEntryPoint. This causes the compiler to emit no prolog and epilog code. Consequently, if we don't mess with the stack, we can do and assembly jmp to the original entry point, and the right behaviour will happen if we are an EXE or a DLL. Thusly:asm jmp gevt.orig_entry;And all should be running.Afterthoughts on StubsLooking at other packers, I have seen some slightly different stub techniques. I think the most interesting is UPX, where the packer actually acts somewhat like a linker, building the stub code dynamically and including only what is necessary at pack time.You can implement the stub in the fashion of your choosing, and you can omit features you don't think will be necessary in your particular application.What's NextOK, this was a good bit longer than I expected. Still, I wanted to communicate as much as possible the details so that others won't have had to spend as much time in the debugger as I had. Debugging a compressed exe is a major pain because the debugging info is all useless so you have to do it in assembly.Next installment will cover the packer application, which will be much more straightforward from the standpoint of configuration, but will have much more work to do than the stub.cheers for now, and happy codingContinuoThis series is about creating exe packers for Windows 32-bit PE files.In the previous installment I described how to create a decompression stub that would be bound to an existing executable. In this (final?) installment I'm going to describe the actual packer application, which binds the stub to an arbitrary executable and sets up parameters the stub will need at runtime. Additionally, it will perform some duties normally done by the OS loader.IntroThe packer application will wind up being the biggest hunk of code for the project. Fortunately, it will be fairly straightforward.First ThingsThere are some basic things to setup or consider before we get moving with the actual packer.Project ConfigurationAs mentioned in the previous installment, configuration is a function of your particular design. For the sake of discussion in this article we are assuming a design where the decompression stub is produced as a dll. The binary of that dll will be incorporated into the packer application as a binary resource. None of this is strictly necessary. The stub 'dll' will never exist in the real world as such since we are going to snip out interesting pieces. You could just as easily use a tool to spew just the interesting pieces to binary resources, or encode them as static data in a C source file. This choice is per taste and we are going to choose the resource approach. We are also going to be a command-line app. So...Configure your project as a command-line (console) application. Create a RC file and include a resource that is the stub 'dll' produced by your previous project. That's really it for configuration. I'm sure that will be a welcome simplification after having set the stub project!Utility CodeThere are going to be some things that are simple, but very tedious, and you will probably like to produce some machinery to tend to these tasks.One such task relates to translating addresses. We have to do this in a couple places for different reasons, so you might consider making some sort of general purpose address translator. It will need to handle several distinct ranges of addresses being mapped independently to other ranges. In practical terms, there won't be a huge number of range mappings (like about 5), so if you want to just keep a list of range mappings and do a linear search no one will chastise you.Another tedious thing (I find) is reading little bits and pieces from the original executable file. This is particularly true when navigating a network of objects since you have to run along pointer paths. To make this much more bearable I use a memory-mapped file for the original executable. Read-only access is fine since we won't be altering the original (BTW, if for some reason you do want to write to the mapped image, but not disrupt your original file, remember you can map it copy-on-write. I've done this for some protectors.) I don't use this approach for the output file, however, because most of that will be sequential write.Lastly, I would like to reiterate that the pointers in the executable are RVA's. This means you will need to do _two_ things to transform them to real pointers. First, if you've mapped the image to an address, you will need to add that base address. The stub 'dll' compiled in as a resource will be accessed through a memory address once we LockResource() on it. That address is the base address. Now, that's all you have to do on a running module (i.e. one the OS loader mapped in), but that's not all we have to do. The second thing we have to do is consider the file and section alignment of the executable (do _not_ assume they are they same). The net result of this is that there will need to be an adjustment on a per-section basis to the resultant pointer. Again, this is not necessary for a module loaded by the OS loader into memory since it has mapped the sections appropriately.So, I would further suggest creating a utility class that incorporates the address translator mentioned earlier (along with logic to initialize it) that can provide translated access from RVA to physical pointer for regions within a PE file. Stick in an RVA, get out a physical memory pointer. We can use this device for both the memory-mapped original, and also for the resource-loaded stub. You don't have to do this but it will make your life easier. This is a plus because it's already going to get a little harder as it is . You may wish to throw in a couple other convenient PE-specific items, like pointers to the image headers. We'll be using various fields in these headers at several points throughout the packing process.One other thing that will make you happier in the long run is to produce some sort of wrapper for your compression library of choice. In doing so you can both simplify use of the library and also be able to swap out a different compressor should you choose. For example:class Compressor {public:Compressor ( HANDLE hFile ); //create; write to given file at current file posvoid InsertData ( const void *pv, int size ); //stick some uncompressed data invoid Finish(); //finish any pending writesDWORD CompressedCount(); //count of output (compressed) data};This sort of interface I have found to be suitable for all compression libraries I have considered, though of course I wouldn't use it for things other than this exe packer.Other than that you might like to make a general-purpose resource tree walker, but we'll discuss that later in the implementation. Making this part generic is mostly useful if you wish to reuse it in other projects.With that being said, we are ready to move onto the...Basic TasksHere are the fundamental things the packer will need to do. * Determine Size of original* Setup new section(s); modify originals* Create and add stub outside this region* Preserve export info* Fixup TLS stuff* Relocate the Relocations* Compress and stow original data* Process the resource directory* write out the resultsand a couple minor fixups like changing the entry point and some of the directory entries.DetailsHere are the details of each of these tasks.Determine Size of OriginalThis is the easiest task as it is indicated in the PE header of the original. It is located at:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.SizeOfImageThis is important, because this determines the start of where we will bind our stub. After we bind our stub we will update this value to include the stub's additional size.Setup New Section(s); Modify OriginalsSections, which are basically areas of the file that the loader allocates and possible memory-maps to regions in the running process' address space, are described in the PE header. They can take up zero disk space, when tells the loader to allocate the memory, but not to map part of the file in (e.g. this is routinely done for sections like uninitialized data.)Since we are going to pack the application, and since we will have to initialize it ourselves (i.e. the loader can't do it for us) we will need to modify the existing section headers. In particular We will need to modify the 'characteristics' of the section to convert them all to writeable since we will be writing when decompressing (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::Characteristics). Also, we need to modify the size of compressed sections to 0 (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::SizeOfRawData). The PointerToRawData need not be modified, but I usually set it to 0 anyway.It's worth noting that the section names have not meaning whatsoever (with one exception I shall note), and you can change them at-will. They are purely mnemonic. The important bits of data that may be broken into sections (or combined with existing sections) are all located through the 'directories' located at IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectory.Now for the exception: due to a defect in the internal implementation of OLE automation, one section, the resource section, must preserve its name. The defective implementation finds the resources via section name (.rsrc) rather than looking up in the directory (at IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_RESOURCE.VirtualAddress). The result of this is that you take care in handling this one. More details on that when we discuss resources.There are a variety of choices in determining how you want the new sections to be laid out. Some packers keep all the original ones, making them 0 size, and adding the new sections. Other packers consolidate the original sections into one uninitialized section and append the new ones. This is largely a matter of personal choice.For example UPX consolidates the sections and splits the consolidation in two. The lower-addressed part is named UPX0 and is uninitialized. The higher-addressed part is named UPX1 and contains the compressed data and the stub. The reasoning behind this choice is apparently that it has less runtime impact since the compressed data will ultimately overwrite itself. ASPack on the other hand leaves the original sections in place and adds two new ones, one for the stub and one for the stub data (compressed data presumably). Many packers allow you to give arbitrary names to the sections as a minor method of hiding what packer was used. Amusingly, ASPack allows you to do this for the stub code section (by default .aspack) but the data section has a fixed name (.adata). Go figure.If you're making a new packer then for development purposes you may wish to simply keep all the sections and append your new one. Later you can tweak the section handling stuff since its trivial.In our example, we're going to stick all the stub code and compressed data into one section which we will append to the end. If you're going to do some resource preservation (like to preserve icons and stuff needed for COM.OLE.ActiveX like registration stuff) there will be yet another section added after the stub (because of the Microsoft OLE bug).I keep a list of the section headers, keeping a reference to the stub section on hand. The original sections I setup once and forget about. The stub section will be manipulated as we go since we really don't know how big it's going to be yet until we compress the data. I setup the name, characteristics and virtual address now since we know them. I use the following for characteristicsIMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA|IMAGE_SCN_CNT_CODE|IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE|IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ|IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITEwhich pretty much turns on all access. The IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::VirtualAddress I initialize to:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::ImageBase + IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.SizeOfImagewhich sticks it at the end of the original exe's PE-mapped address space. (We'll have to fixup SizeOfImage for the result later, when we know how be the stub and data is).This will leave until later the need to fix up the fields:VirtualSize - how big in memoryPointerToRawData - where in fileSizeOfRawData - how much in file is mapped into memoryCreate and Add Stub Outside this RegionOK, this is the twistiest part, mostly because there is a lot of pointers to follow and also a bit of translation of those pointers (in one case we will have to translate the pointers twice!). Hope you implemented some of that utility code we mentioned! You can take solace in the fact that the big picture is quite simple, and so all the complexity is in managing the indirection.The big picture of stub creation is appending chunks of memory, then whizzing through that memory and fixing up pointers. We have to do the fixups because when we built the stub project the linker calculated where items were. We are going to be moving stuff to a place appropriate for the particular exe we are packing, so the original calculations will be invalid and must be corrected.The way we described the decompression stub project in installment 2 of this series possibly made you want to wretch because of the funky linker options and various pragmas. Well, all that was done to make this operation more manageable. If you set up the project as described your resulting stub 'dll' (which I shall call 'stub.dll' for convenience) should have four sections. This was achieved via the various /MERGE options for the linker. The names are not really important, but we want four to make it easier to find the important stuff. You can use DUMPBIN.EXE to see what the sections are. I am going to assume that you have four sections named:.text - code section.A - specially organized data section in stub.idata - import section.reloc - relocation dataUltimately we will merge all these together, but we want them separate in the original stub 'dll' for special reasons.The data section should be distinct because we took pains to put the public stub data (the stuff we will be fixing-up for the stub to use at runtime) located at the very beginning. Having it broken out in the source stub 'dll' makes it easy to find this important area.The .idata section usually can be part of the data section, but we want it separate because we are going to completely regenerate it. Having it in a separate section makes it easier to throw out the original (after processing) and replace it with our new one.The .reloc section contains the relocation data. Similar to .idata, we are going to process the original and replace it with the new contents.The .text section is not special in itself. It is just what is left over from not being in the other sections.If you don't have three sections containing the above information you may want to revisit your stub configurations. Again, the particular name is not important, just the contents.Starting to Process the Original StubThe stub section will be small, so I build it up completely in memory before transferring it to the final disk image. You can use whatever technique for managing the memory you like, but you might have to do some reallocations as the section grows. If you use C++ you can free yourself from this minor chore by using a std::vector<unsigned char> as your buffer. That way you can append with push_back() or insert() or resize() as you chose.We mentioned earlier in Utility Code how you could create a class for handling the details of accessing portions of PE files. Both the original application and the stub 'dll' are PE files and you can use an instance of this utility class for each of these.We are going to create the new stub section by appending the code (.text in the cited example), the data (.A in the example), then imports (.idata) and finally the relocations (.reloc). As mentioned earlier, since these sections will be in a location than what the linker thought, we must fixup internal pointers to reference the new location. Happily, the linker provided what is essentially a list of 32-bit values that are virtual addresses (_not_ RVA's) of all such pointers. We just add a delta to that value that we compute. To compute that delta you will need to know where the section it originally pointed to came from, and where it moved to. You then add this to the 32-bit value located at the place specified in the relocation record. Tedious? Yes.To simplify this relocation task I suggest using the Address Translator utility class mentioned earlier. Then you just stick your address in and get back what it translates to. To use this, however, it must be setup. You setup the translator as you append your sections. Here is some pseudo-code of how to do it for this example packer:Merging the code and data sectionsgiven:* buffer of bytes for destination stub section (empty)* translator (empty)* original stub 'dll' w/ mechanism to access sections by RVA* list of sections in stub 'dll'* RVA of start of stub section in destination exe (computed earlier)* preferred load address of destination exethen do the following:for .text section in stub 'dll'append all .text section to bufferadd entry in translator translating from (original stub .text RVA start,original stub .text length) to (RVA dest + buffer.size(),original stub .text length)resize buffer as needed to align on 32-bit boundaryremember current size of buffer; this will be the index to public datafor .A (data) section in stub 'dll'append all .A section to bufferadd entry in translator translating from (original stub .A RVA start,original stub .A length) to (RVA dest + buffer.size(),original stub .A length)resize buffer as needed to align on 32-bit boundaryOK, at this point we have merged our code and data. We also have an index that corresponds to where in the buffer the packer public data is located. Keep that as an index rather than pointer because as we grow the buffer, the pointer will become invalid whereas the index will not. We also have set up the first two section entries in the translator that will allow us to transform (stub) original pointers into (stub) destination pointers.You can see the process is pretty much the same for the code and data portions of the stub. Really, it can also be the same for the import section. That is, unless you want to support TLS in DLLs. This is an obscure feature (common in EXEs though) with some subtle problems. The problems are subtle enough that even Microsoft advises against using it, and I have never seen it done in production code.The problem is that the OS loader allocates TLS at load time and stuffs pointers in appropriate places. However, this is a one-shot opportunity and it does not perform this action if a DLL is loaded later, like when the application calls LoadLibrary() and such. Consequently folks are cautioned against using it in a DLL unless you absolutely, positively, know the DLL will only be loaded implicitly, not explicitly.Well, guess what? Unless we take pains to change affairs, _all_ the original applications DLLs will be loaded explicitly (by the stub) and thus TLS in the DLLs will fail. We can change the affairs by manipulating the imports section to load the application's original DLLs. We do this by adding bogus import structures that makes it look like the stub is going to use all the dlls the original application did.Merging Imports DataIf you're developing a new packer, I advise initially doing the straight-forward append of the imports like you did for the code and data for starters. This will work for every real application I have ever seen. After your packer is working, then you might consider adding import merging to support the non-existent-but-possible TLS-in-a-DLL clients.I'm going to hand-wave through this because it's so excruciatingly boring and virtually never needs to be done. I will, however, tell you what you need to do and you can sift through the headers. If you get the rest of your packer working, performing this task will involve no new technology -- just more pointers, translations, and appends. Briefly, to do this you must:* Go through the stub's imports; collect this information* Go through the application's imports; merge this information (selectively)* synthesize a new import section* append it with limited fixupsGoing through the stub's imports we only really care about the module name. This list of names will form a 'stop list' which will inhibit merging the original application stuff. No need to force an import of a module that is already coming in, and who wants to fixup all the pointers anyway.Going through the application's imports, we ignore modules that come in through the stub. For all others we arbitrarily select an import (I usually just choose the first) and create a new import descriptor, Import Name Table, Import Address Table, and strings for such. Your address translator will be of invaluable help in keeping track of where all the individual descriptors moved. The major issue is that you will have to insert data _into the middle_ of the original stub's import table. This comes from the extra import module descriptors for the bogus imports. The result is all the pointers from the stub's original descriptors become skewed by the amount additional descriptors. If you stuff in two translation records for each half you will be OK.Regardless of whether or not you do the import merging or simple append, you must still perform a special relocation pass on the imports data. The reason is that the pointers in the import section do not have relocation records! These pointers are RVAs, and thus relative and thus don't need to be fixed up at load time. Unfortunately, the thing to which they were originally relative has changed, and so we must fix them up. It's pretty straightforward.Fixing up the import's RVAs means whizzing through the structures, using the translator to get the translated address, and saving back the result.The structure of the imports section is adequately described in the articles I referenced in installment 1, and I refer you there for details, however there are a couple items I would like to point out:* I have never found the declaration of the Import Module Directory structure in the headers. If anyone finds the 'official' declaration I would like to know its name and location. Anyway, it's a simple struct, and here is the hand-crafted version I use:struct IMP_MOD_DIR {DWORD dwINTRVA; /*name table; may not exist*/DWORD dwTimeDateStamp; /*for bound exes, ignore*/DWORD dwForwarderChainRVA; /*for bound exes, ignore*/DWORD dwModNameRVA; /*name of dll*/DWORD dwIATRVA; /*import address table, must exist*/};The import section consists of an array of these terminated by an empty one.* The INT contains a list of the ordinal, or name and hint, of an imported symbol.* The INT may not exist. Borland shuns the INT apparently, whereas Microsoft embraces it. You must handle both scenarios.* The IAT, for an unbound exe, contains the same information as the INT for an unbound exe. For Borland (which shuns the INT) the IAT must contain this information. The net effect is that if the INT exists you must process it and copy the result to the parallel item in the IAT, or you must process the IAT only.* Some of the items are an ordinal, which means you do nothing since it is not a pointer. Don't forget to check for this.After you have appended the Import section (either the easy way or the hard) and fixed up the pointers, set the:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IMPORT.VirtualAddressIMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IMPORT.Sizeto refer to the newly appended area. Go ahead and align up the size of the buffer to a DWORD boundary for the next set of appends. Now we are ready to move on to exports.ExportsIf you're just packing exe's (and not dlls) you won't have to worry about this since exe don't typically export anything. On the other hand, if you _do_ intend to pack dlls, you will definitely have to deal with it. The exports section needs to be available even before the stub has a chance to decompress the original data.This would be a straightforward append except we have to fixup RVAs, so we have to traverse the structures anyway. Fortunately, this is much simpler than what we (potentially) did for import merging.There is one root structure -- IMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY -- which is indicated in the directory of the original exe at:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT.VirtualAddressAfter copying that structure over we will need to fixup the three members:AddressOfFunctionsAddressOfNamesAddressOfNameOrdinalsto reflect the RVAs of where they will be copied. Append them verbatim over from the original, one after the other, following the IMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY structure. The contents are largely OK as-is except for AddressOfNames and some special cases of AddressOfFunctions.First, we will need to travel across the original application's AddressOfNames array, appending the name over to the destination and setting the corresponding entry in the destination's copy of AddressOfNames to refer to this copy. This is straightforward.Second, we will need to do something a bit odd. We will travel across the original AddressOfFunctions array and look for pointers (that are RVAs) that are within the export section. What is this for? Forwarded functions! Wack! Anyway, these are not addresses of exported objects (functions, data) but are strings that must be copied. In this special case, do like we did for the AddressOfNames array and copy the string and set the pointer to point to that copy.Setup:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT.VirtualAddressIMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT.Sizeto where we stuck it and how big it became. Finally align up the buffer to a DWORD boundary for further appends, and you're done with this part.FYI, we are 50% through our to-do list. And we haven't compressed any data yet! It's all downhill from here...Do Stub Fixups and Relocating the RelocationsAt this point most of the stub's stuff has been built up and we can fixup it's pointers to reflect the fact that we have extracted and moved it's original components. This task is very similar to the relocation fixups performed in the stub. The difference is in computing the delta to apply.In normal relocation, like what the stub performs, there is only one delta. This is because the image as a whole moves, and all items are relocated by the same amount. In our case, different sections have moved differently, and thus each item must be treated as having it's own delta.The delta computation in this case is computed as the change between the RVA of the original item to be fixed up (RVAFixupOrig) and the RVA of the item after it has been moved (RVAFixupDest). The item at RVAFixupDest must then be adjusted by this delta.Since this translated RVADest is a relocated relocation, I save it into an array of DWORDs for the next step. This saves me from going through the relocation structure twice.After having performed stub relocations we can decide whether we need to make the resultant executable relocatable. That decision should be made on the basis of whether the original is relocatable. There are two ways to tell this; the presence of a relocation directory entry is a good one. There is also a characteristics bit that indicates that relocation records have been stripped. Suffice it to say that if the original is not relocatable, then we don't need to make the result relocatable. If it is relocatable we need to create a relocation section for the stub. The stub will handle doing the application at runtime.To create a relocation section for the stub we first sort the array of fixed-up relocation addresses we created while doing stub fixups. The sorting is needed to handle the quirky format of the relocation section.Recall from installment 2 that the relocation records are stored in chunks, one chunk per page, and as 16-bit records that are essentially offsets into the page. I refer you to installment 2 for details, and to the references in installment 1. Suffice it to say, we travel along our now-sorted array, emitting chunk headers whenever a page change is detected and emitting 16-bit records otherwise. A page is on a 4096 boundary for 32-bit PE files so you can AND the address with 0xfffff000 to find it's page value, and you can AND the address with 0x00000fff to find it's offset for the relocation record. Also take care that when you detect a page change, you will possibly need to pad to a 32-bit boundary by adding a no-op relocation record (IMAGE_REL_BASED_ABSOLUTE).After processing all records set the IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC.VirtualAddressIMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC.Sizeto reflect this new chunk that we added. We should already be aligned to a 32-bit boundary.Setup for TLS StuffIf the original application used TLS we need to set some things up so that the stub can help out. This is fairly straightforward. Especially if there is none!TLS information is communicated to the stub through the public data. Way back, when we were appending the data section took note of the index that starts the data section. Also, since when we build the stub to have that structure at the beginning, now we can cast the address of the buffer offset by the index to a pointer to the public structure. Again, we can't stow this pointer since whenever we append to the buffer we risk reallocating memory, but we can recompute the pointer as needed from the index between appends.Anyway, if there is no TLS, as evidenced by:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_TLS.VirtualAddressbeing 0, then we can simply clear out the copy of the tls directory in the public data (we called it tls_original in installment 2).If there _is_ TLS, then we copy the original TLS directory structure to the tls_original in the public data, and copy over a few items to the tls_proxy:SizeOfZeroFillCharacteristicsStartAddressOfRawDataEndAddressOfRawDataNote, the addresses do not need to be translated (shock-of-shocks) because they reference data in the original application, which we have not moved. The stub only accesses that data _after_ it decompresses it.Setup:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_TLS.VirtualAddressIMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_TLS.Sizeto refer to the tls_proxy structure. You compute the VirtualAddress with something like:Stub Section RVA + dwIdxStubPublicData + offsetof ( GlobalExternVars, tls_original )Nothing was appended here, no need to align up the buffer.Compressing the Original DataFinally! We compress data! There are many compression libraries to choose from, take your pick so long as you can use in the decompression stub. Recall that means operating with a minimal C runtime (which we produced ourselves). The old standby of zlib works just fine for this purpose, but don't expect spectacular compression.You may also choose to implement a dummy compressor that does no compression at all. This is useful during development in order to isolate problems. Not useful otherwise.OK, assuming you have implemented the wrapper interface I suggested in Utility Code, above, we are ready to do some compressing! Well almost. The compression of the original data could be large, so I prefer not to do it to memory and rather directly compress to the output file (ergo the HANDLE constructor argument in the Compressor class). So we must compute the file position of where this data goes.We zeroed the size of the original PE sections, so the first real one is our new stub section. We need to compute the file offset to this new section (PointerToRawData).You should make a copy of the original IMAGE_NT_HEADERS if you haven't already. We will manipulate it to reflect our output. Let's call it nthdrDest and initialize it to the original exe's values.Then calculate:nthdrDest .FileHeader.NumberOfSections = (new section count)int nSectionHeadersPos = IMAGE_DOS_HEADER::e_lfanew +sizeof(IMAGE_NT_HEADERS);int nFirstSectionPos = nSectionHeadersPos +(new section count) * sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER);Align up the nFirstSectionPos according to IMAGE_DOS_HEADER::OptionalHeader.FileAlignmentThis is the PointerToRawData for our stub data. Stick that value into the section information that we created way back in the beginning (it was the last item in the list).Do a seek to this position + the sizeof the buffer we have been building up. The net effect of this is to cause the compressed data to be appended to the stub section without having to stow it in memory.Instantiate the compressor on the file handle (now properly positioned).As we mentioned in installment 2, the exact format of the data stream is a matter of design. I had made a suggestion of using:struct original_directory_informationdword section_countsection 1 header{dword RVA_locationdword size}(section 1 compressed data)...if we were to use that, then we would invoke the following using the _original_ exe's NT headers:InsertData ( IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectory,sizeof(IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectory) );DWORD dwSectionCount = IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::FileHeader.NumberOfSections;InsertData ( &dwSectionCount, sizeof(dwSectionCount) );for each section IMAGE_SECTION_HEADERInsertData ( & IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::VirtualAddress,sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::VirtualAddress) );InsertData ( & IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::SizeOfRawData,sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::SizeOfRawData) );InsertData ( (actual pointer to original data),IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER::SizeOfRawData );In other words, we are pushing the RVA of where the data goes, the physical (uncompressed) size, and then the physical data. We do this for each section of the original.When we are done we invoke Finish() on the compressor to flush any remaining data not written.We get the number of actual compressed bytes with CompressedCount(). This we add to the size of the buffer we were building and store it in the SizeOfRawData field of the section header for the stub.Finally, get a pointer to the structure containing the public data (this is why we didn't write out this until now). Set the value of the stub entry point (after translating, of course), the RVA of the start of the compressed data (which is the RVA of the stub + the size of the stub buffer) and the size of the compressed data (which we got from the compressor when done).Then seek back to the position PointerToRawData we just computed and write out the stub buffer. Basically we just concatenated the two in reverse order.Finished with generating and writing out the stub!Processing the Resource DirectoryProcessing the resource directory is a strictly optional task. It is a bit tedious. Benefits of processing include preserving the ever-important application icon and version information so that one's experience with Explorer can be gratifying and fulfilling, but also so we can support various OLE features.If you don't care about these things simply carry on. If you do care, then more 'fun' awaits.The 'fun' that awaits is similar to what we did for exports earlier in that we walk a structure and optionally copy stuff over, adjusting the pointer when we do and leaving it pointing to the original data in the compressed section otherwise.The difference is that this structure is more complex, with more objects and a more complex decision on what to keep. First let me briefly tell you what you want to keep uncompressed because that's the easy part to know and tedious part to figure out experimentally. You will want to keep uncompressed the following resources:* first RT_ICON should be kept* first RT_GROUP_ICON should be kept* first RT_VERSION should be kept* first "TYPELIB" should be kept* all "REGISTRY" should be keptOK, that being said, keep in mind that resources are a multi-level tree of directories. You need to keep track of at what level you are to make your comparisons in order to determine whether to keep a resource or not. Also, as a perceived convenience, all the fixed sized structures are coalesced at the beginning with variable length ones afterwards. This means all the directory structures are at the beginning, with things like string identifiers and resource data afterwards.I do a similar thing as with the stub and build this section in memory with a managed array of bytes. Once it is constructed I write it out later.You can walk the tree once to find where this boundary between fixed and variable sized data lays, then copy the fixed data verbatim. It's interesting to not that most of the pointers in this section are relative to the section itself, and thus do not require translation. The exception to this is the pointers to the actual resource data, which is an RVA.Walk the tree a second time and append all the string identifiers. Adjust the pointers to these strings keeping in mind that they are _not_ RVAs, but are rather relative offsets into the resource section.Walk the tree a third time and copy over the resource chunks for the resources types of interest described above. Keep in mind that these actually _are_ RVAs, so you will need to add the RVA of the beginning this section. What is that? Well, it is the RVA of the last section, plus its size, aligned up to the NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.SectionAlignment. The resource chunks should be aligned between appends.Setup the section header for this additional section. It _must_ have the name .rsrc. Setup the VirtualAddress of this section to the RVA we just computed. Setup the PointerToRawData in a similar manner, except use the last sections PointerToRawData + SizeOfRawData and align the result up by the value of IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.FileAlignment instead. Set the SizeOfRawData to the size of the resulting chunk, and the VirtualSize to the same. You can align these values up if you like.Similar to what we did with the stub, seek to the PointerToRawData and write out the data in the buffer we've been building.Finally, set:IMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_RESOURCE.VirtualAddressIMAGE_NT_HEADERS::OptionalHeader.DataDirectoryIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_RESOURCE.Sizeand we are done with that.Dotting I's and Crossing T'sThere are some details that will need to be fixed up before writing the rest of the stuff out. Mostly this has to do with the various directory entries, but let's not forget the entry point address!The entry point is computed as the stub 'dll's entry point after being translated with the translation device I hope you created.The image size needs to be recomputed as the last section's VirtualAddress plus its VirtualSize.Most of the directory entries need to be copied over from the stub 'dll' after being passed through the translator. Exceptions include the Resource directory. If you processed resources you should point it to the new section you created. If you did not leave it as it was in the original. Resources will be available at runtime, but not to explorer or OLE (or ResHacker).If you made exports/relocations, setup those entries (that was discussed earlier).Some directory entries should definitely be zeroed out:IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BOUND_IMPORT -- kiss it goodbyeIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IAT -- expunge itIMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_DEBUG -- (we don't really have bugs, anyway)Seriously, though, the first two are used by the loader and will cause crashing behaviour. Removing them harms nothing. The last one might be nice, but the debugger can't get to the data until after the application is running, which is too late.Writing out the RemainderCopy over the original DOS stub.Write out the modified PE header.Position to the section header offset we computed (nSectionHeadersPos) Loop through the section headers we have been keeping on-hand and write them out. If you have a modified resource section, take care to rename the original and make the new one be named .rsrc to work around the Microsoft OLE automation bug.Close your file.Beyond PackersI think it's useful to consider from a big picture of what a packer is, because subsets of the technology can be used for different applications. For instance, we bound new code and data to an arbitrary executable that was not designed to host it, without damaging the original program. This is like an exe binder. Discard the compression and a lot of the manipulation of directories and you can produce one. Similarly, one could retain some of the directory manipulations, like with the imports, and fashion a protector of sorts to resist reverse engineering. Other extended applications may come to mind as well.conclusionsI hoped you found some useful information in this article. I enjoyed having the opportunity to write it.EOThttp://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/01/01/hood/default.aspxOK, we're now setup to do the work!http://mup.anticrack.de/Randy%20Kath%20-%20PE%20Format.html/a good and readable discussion, but not totally accurate when it comes to the import section. Dead wrong in implying that these sections always exist -- they easily can not exist. Still, a good read.An In-Depth Look into the Win32 Portable Executable File Format pts 1 and 2 http://www.msdnaa.net/Resources/Display.aspx?ResID=1083http://www.msdnaa.net/Resources/display.aspx?ResID=1323great article, weak on discussion of resource sectionMicrosoft Portable Executable and Common Object File Format Specification http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hwdev/hardware/pecoff.mspxhorse's mouth. Dry. Accurate.

最后

以上就是强健小蚂蚁为你收集整理的如何写自己的壳的全部内容，希望文章能够帮你解决如何写自己的壳所遇到的程序开发问题。

如果觉得靠谱客网站的内容还不错，欢迎将靠谱客网站推荐给程序员好友。