聊聊Python装饰器

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装饰器

本质是一个接受参数为函数的函数。
作用：为一个已经实现的方法添加额外的通用功能，比如日志记录、运行计时等。

举例

不带参数的装饰器，不用@

复制代码# 不带参数的装饰器def deco_test(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("before function")
        f = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("after function")
        return f    return wrapperdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 不用@
    f = deco_test(do_something)("1","2","3")1
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# 不带参数的装饰器def deco_test(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("before function")
        f = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("after function")
        return f    return wrapperdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 不用@
    f = deco_test(do_something)("1","2","3")
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输出：

复制代码before function
1
2
3
after function1
2
3
4
5
before function
1
2
3
after function
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个人理解：

相当于在 do_something 函数外面套了两个输出：before function 和 after function。

不带参数的装饰器，用 @

复制代码# 不带参数的装饰器def deco_test(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("before function")
        f = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("after function")
        return f    return wrapper

@deco_testdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")1
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# 不带参数的装饰器def deco_test(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("before function")
        f = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("after function")
        return f    return wrapper

@deco_testdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")
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输出：

复制代码before function
1
2
3
after function1
2
3
4
5
before function
1
2
3
after function
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个人理解：

相当于执行 do_something 函数的时候，因为有 @ 的原因，已经知道有一层装饰器 deco_test，所以不需要再单独写 deco_test(do_something) 了。

带参数的装饰器

复制代码# 带参数的装饰器def logging(level):
    def wrapper(func):
        def inner_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            print("[{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            f = func(*args, **kwargs)
            print("after function: [{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            return f        return inner_wrapper    return wrapper

@logging(level="debug")def do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")1
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# 带参数的装饰器def logging(level):
    def wrapper(func):
        def inner_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            print("[{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            f = func(*args, **kwargs)
            print("after function: [{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            return f        return inner_wrapper    return wrapper

@logging(level="debug")def do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")
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输出：

复制代码[debug]: enter function do_something()
1
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3
after function: [debug]: enter function do_something()1
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[debug]: enter function do_something()
1
2
3
after function: [debug]: enter function do_something()
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个人理解：

装饰器带了一个参数 level = "debug"。

最外层的函数 logging() 接受参数并将它们作用在内部的装饰器函数上面。内层的函数 wrapper() 接受一个函数作为参数，然后在函数上面放置一个装饰器。这里的关键点是装饰器是可以使用传递给 logging() 的参数的。

类装饰器

复制代码# 类装饰器class deco_cls(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self._func = func    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("class decorator before function")
        f = self._func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("class decorator after function")
        return f

@deco_clsdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")1
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# 类装饰器class deco_cls(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self._func = func    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("class decorator before function")
        f = self._func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("class decorator after function")
        return f

@deco_clsdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")
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输出：

复制代码class decorator before function
1
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3
class decorator after function1
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class decorator before function
1
2
3
class decorator after function
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个人理解：

使用一个装饰器去包装函数，返回一个可调用的实例。因此定义了一个类装饰器。

两层装饰器

复制代码# 不带参数的装饰器def deco_test(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("before function")
        f = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("after function")
        return f    return wrapper# 带参数的装饰器def logging(level):
    def wrapper(func):
        def inner_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            print("[{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            f = func(*args, **kwargs)
            print("after function: [{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            return f        return inner_wrapper    return wrapper

@logging(level="debug")@deco_testdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")1
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# 不带参数的装饰器def deco_test(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("before function")
        f = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("after function")
        return f    return wrapper# 带参数的装饰器def logging(level):
    def wrapper(func):
        def inner_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            print("[{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            f = func(*args, **kwargs)
            print("after function: [{level}]: enter function {func}()".format(level=level, func=func.__name__))
            return f        return inner_wrapper    return wrapper

@logging(level="debug")@deco_testdef do_something(a,b,c):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(b)
    time.sleep(1)
    print(c)
    return aif __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用@
    f = do_something("1","2","3")
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输出：

复制代码[debug]: enter function wrapper()
before function
1
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3
after function
after function: [debug]: enter function wrapper()1
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[debug]: enter function wrapper()
before function
1
2
3
after function
after function: [debug]: enter function wrapper()
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个人理解：

在函数 do_something() 外面先套一层 deco_test() 装饰器，再在最外面套一层 logging() 装饰器。

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