Hive静态分区表

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我是靠谱客的博主淡然人生，最近开发中收集的这篇文章主要介绍Hive静态分区表，觉得挺不错的，现在分享给大家，希望可以做个参考。

概述

Hive的分区表分为动态分区和静态分区，分区表的使用能够为巨量表查询性能的提高提供帮助。
静态分区在数据载入前需要事先将分区建好，使用起来稍显复杂，而动态表可以根据数据自动建立分区，但同时花费了巨大的性能代价。如果分区是可以确定的话，一定不要用动态分区，动态分区的值是在reduce运行阶段确定的；也就是会把所有的记录distribute by。可想而知表记录非常大的话，只有一个reduce去处理，那简直是疯狂的。如果这个值唯一或者事先已经知道，比如按天分区(i_date=20151105)那就用静态分区吧。静态分区在编译阶段已经确定，不需要reduce处理。所以，在分区表的使用上，一般建议使用静态分区。
partition必须在表定义时创建。
1、单分区建表语句

CREATE TABLE `base_order_partition`(
`order_id` bigint,
`order_date` int,
`order_mo` int,
`status` tinyint,
`status_desc` varchar(12),
`food_num` int,
`food_amount` float,
`order_amount` float)
PARTITIONED BY (
`order_month` int)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '$'
STORED AS INPUTFORMAT
'org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat'
OUTPUTFORMAT
'org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat'
LOCATION
'hdfs://Master:9000/home/spark/opt/data_dir/hive/warehouse/59store.db/base_order_partition'
TBLPROPERTIES (
'transient_lastDdlTime'='1446600982');

2、双分区建表语句

CREATE TABLE `base_order_partition2`(
`order_id` bigint,
`order_date` int,
`order_mo` int,
`status` tinyint,
`status_desc` varchar(12),
`food_num` int,
`food_amount` float,
`order_amount` float)
PARTITIONED BY (
`order_month` int,
`order_date1` int)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '$'
STORED AS INPUTFORMAT
'org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat'
OUTPUTFORMAT
'org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat'
LOCATION
'hdfs://Master:9000/home/spark/opt/data_dir/hive/warehouse/59store.db/base_order_partition2'
TBLPROPERTIES (
'transient_lastDdlTime'='1446620191');
先以order_month为文件夹，再以order_date1子文件夹区分。

3、添加分区表语法（表已创建，在此基础上添加分区）

单分区表：
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201501);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201502);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201503);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201504);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201505);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201506);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201507);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201508);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201509);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201510);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201511);
alter table base_order_partition add partition (order_month=201512);
双分区表：
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151001);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151002);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151003);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151004);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151005);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151006);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151007);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151008);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151009);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151010);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151011);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151012);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151013);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151014);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151015);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151016);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151017);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151018);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151019);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151020);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151021);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151022);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151023);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151024);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151025);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151026);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151027);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151028);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151029);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151030);
alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151031);
hive> alter table base_order_partition2 add partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151032);

4、删除分区语法
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP
partition_spec, partition_spec,...

用户可以用 ALTER TABLE DROP PARTITION 来删除分区。分区的元数据和数据将被一并删除。

hive> alter table base_order_partition2 drop partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151032);

5、数据加载进分区表中语法
LOAD DATA [LOCAL] INPATH 'filepath' [OVERWRITE] INTO TABLE tablename [PARTITION (partcol1=val1, partcol2=val2 ...)]
例：
LOAD DATA INPATH '/home/spark/opt/data_dir/pv.txt' INTO TABLE day_hour_table PARTITION(dt='2008-08- 08', hour='08'); LOAD DATA local INPATH '/home/spark/opt/data_dir/hua/*' INTO TABLE day_hour partition(dt='2010-07- 07');
当数据被加载至表中时，不会对数据进行任何转换。Load操作只是将数据复制至Hive表对应的位置。数据加载时在表下自动创建一个目录。

表对表方式：

from base_order_partition
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151001)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151001
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151002)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151002
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151003)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151003
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151004)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151004
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151005)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151005
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151006)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151006
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151007)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151007
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151008)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151008
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151009)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151009
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151010)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151010
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151011)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151011
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151012)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151012
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151013)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151013
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151014)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151014
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151015)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151015
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151016)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151016
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151017)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151017
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151018)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151018
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151019)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151019
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151020)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151020
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151021)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151021
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151022)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151022
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151023)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151023
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151024)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151024
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151025)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151025
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151026)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151026
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151027)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151027
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151028)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151028
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151029)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151029
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151030)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151030
insert overwrite table base_order_partition2 partition (order_month=201510,order_date1=20151031)
select `order_id`,`order_date`,`order_mo`,`status`,`status_desc`,`food_num`,`food_amount`,`order_amount`, where order_month=201510 and order_date=20151031
;

6、基于分区的查询的语句

SELECT * FROM base_order_partition WHERE order_month=201511;

7、查看分区语句

hive> show partitions base_order_partition;
OK
order_month=201501
order_month=201502
order_month=201503
order_month=201504
order_month=201505
order_month=201506
order_month=201507
order_month=201508
order_month=201509
order_month=201510
order_month=201511
order_month=201512
Time taken: 0.076 seconds, Fetched: 12 row(s)