概述
CAS
Compare And Swap (Compare And Exchange) / 自旋 / 自旋锁 / 无锁
因为经常配合循环操作，直到完成为止，所以泛指一类操作
cas(v, a, b) ，变量v，期待值a, 修改值b
ABA问题，你的女朋友在离开你的这段儿时间经历了别的人，自旋就是你空转等待，一直等到她接纳你为止
解决办法（版本号 AtomicStampedReference），基础类型简单值不需要版本号
Unsafe
AtomicInteger:
public final int incrementAndGet() {
for (;;) {
int current = get();
int next = current + 1;
if (compareAndSet(current, next))
return next;
}
}
public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) {
return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update);
}
Unsafe:
public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object var1, long var2, int var4, int var5);
运用：
package com.mashibing.jol;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
public class T02_TestUnsafe {
int i = 0;
private static T02_TestUnsafe t = new T02_TestUnsafe();
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
Field unsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredFields()[0];
unsafeField.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null);
Field f = T02_TestUnsafe.class.getDeclaredField("i");
long offset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(f);
System.out.println(offset);
boolean success = unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(t, offset, 0, 1);
System.out.println(success);
System.out.println(t.i);
//unsafe.compareAndSwapInt()
}
}
jdk8u: unsafe.cpp:
cmpxchg = compare and exchange
UNSAFE_ENTRY(jboolean, Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe, jobject obj, jlong offset, jint e, jint x))
UnsafeWrapper("Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt");
oop p = JNIHandles::resolve(obj);
jint* addr = (jint *) index_oop_from_field_offset_long(p, offset);
return (jint)(Atomic::cmpxchg(x, addr, e)) == e;
UNSAFE_END
jdk8u: atomic_linux_x86.inline.hpp
is_MP = Multi Processor
inline jint Atomic::cmpxchg
(jint exchange_value, volatile jint* dest, jint compare_value) {
int mp = os::is_MP();
__asm__ volatile (LOCK_IF_MP(%4) "cmpxchgl %1,(%3)"
: "=a" (exchange_value)
: "r" (exchange_value), "a" (compare_value), "r" (dest), "r" (mp)
: "cc", "memory");
return exchange_value;
}
jdk8u: os.hpp is_MP()
static inline bool is_MP() {
// During bootstrap if _processor_count is not yet initialized
// we claim to be MP as that is safest. If any platform has a
// stub generator that might be triggered in this phase and for
// which being declared MP when in fact not, is a problem - then
// the bootstrap routine for the stub generator needs to check
// the processor count directly and leave the bootstrap routine
// in place until called after initialization has ocurred.
return (_processor_count != 1) || AssumeMP;
}
jdk8u: atomic_linux_x86.inline.hpp
#define LOCK_IF_MP(mp) "cmp $0, " #mp "; je 1f; lock; 1: "
最终实现：
cmpxchg = cas修改变量值
lock cmpxchg 指令
硬件：
lock指令在执行后面指令的时候锁定一个北桥信号
（不采用锁总线的方式）
markword
工具：JOL = Java Object Layout
<dependencies> <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.openjdk.jol/jol-core --> <dependency> <groupId>org.openjdk.jol</groupId> <artifactId>jol-core</artifactId> <version>0.9</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
jdk8u: markOop.hpp
// Bit-format of an object header (most significant first, big endian layout below): // // 32 bits: // -------- // hash:25 ------------>| age:4 biased_lock:1 lock:2 (normal object) // JavaThread*:23 epoch:2 age:4 biased_lock:1 lock:2 (biased object) // size:32 ------------------------------------------>| (CMS free block) // PromotedObject*:29 ---------->| promo_bits:3 ----->| (CMS promoted object) // // 64 bits: // -------- // unused:25 hash:31 -->| unused:1 age:4 biased_lock:1 lock:2 (normal object) // JavaThread*:54 epoch:2 unused:1 age:4 biased_lock:1 lock:2 (biased object) // PromotedObject*:61 --------------------->| promo_bits:3 ----->| (CMS promoted object) // size:64 ----------------------------------------------------->| (CMS free block) // // unused:25 hash:31 -->| cms_free:1 age:4 biased_lock:1 lock:2 (COOPs && normal object) // JavaThread*:54 epoch:2 cms_free:1 age:4 biased_lock:1 lock:2 (COOPs && biased object) // narrowOop:32 unused:24 cms_free:1 unused:4 promo_bits:3 ----->| (COOPs && CMS promoted object) // unused:21 size:35 -->| cms_free:1 unused:7 ------------------>| (COOPs && CMS free block)
synchronized的横切面详解
-
synchronized原理
-
升级过程
-
汇编实现
-
vs reentrantLock的区别
java源码层级
synchronized(o)
字节码层级
monitorenter moniterexit
JVM层级（Hotspot）
package com.mashibing.insidesync;
import org.openjdk.jol.info.ClassLayout;
public class T01_Sync1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object o = new Object();
System.out.println(ClassLayout.parseInstance(o).toPrintable());
}
}
com.mashibing.insidesync.T01_Sync1$Lock object internals: OFFSET SIZE TYPE DESCRIPTION VALUE 0 4 (object header) 05 00 00 00 (00000101 00000000 00000000 00000000) (5) 4 4 (object header) 00 00 00 00 (00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000) (0) 8 4 (object header) 49 ce 00 20 (01001001 11001110 00000000 00100000) (536923721) 12 4 (loss due to the next object alignment) Instance size: 16 bytes Space losses: 0 bytes internal + 4 bytes external = 4 bytes total
com.mashibing.insidesync.T02_Sync2$Lock object internals: OFFSET SIZE TYPE DESCRIPTION VALUE 0 4 (object header) 05 90 2e 1e (00000101 10010000 00101110 00011110) (506368005) 4 4 (object header) 1b 02 00 00 (00011011 00000010 00000000 00000000) (539) 8 4 (object header) 49 ce 00 20 (01001001 11001110 00000000 00100000) (536923721) 12 4 (loss due to the next object alignment) Instance size: 16 bytes Space losses: 0 bytes internal + 4 bytes external = 4 bytes tota
InterpreterRuntime:: monitorenter方法
IRT_ENTRY_NO_ASYNC(void, InterpreterRuntime::monitorenter(JavaThread* thread, BasicObjectLock* elem))
#ifdef ASSERT
thread->last_frame().interpreter_frame_verify_monitor(elem);
#endif
if (PrintBiasedLockingStatistics) {
Atomic::inc(BiasedLocking::slow_path_entry_count_addr());
}
Handle h_obj(thread, elem->obj());
assert(Universe::heap()->is_in_reserved_or_null(h_obj()),
"must be NULL or an object");
if (UseBiasedLocking) {
// Retry fast entry if bias is revoked to avoid unnecessary inflation
ObjectSynchronizer::fast_enter(h_obj, elem->lock(), true, CHECK);
} else {
ObjectSynchronizer::slow_enter(h_obj, elem->lock(), CHECK);
}
assert(Universe::heap()->is_in_reserved_or_null(elem->obj()),
"must be NULL or an object");
#ifdef ASSERT
thread->last_frame().interpreter_frame_verify_monitor(elem);
#endif
IRT_END
synchronizer.cpp
revoke_and_rebias
void ObjectSynchronizer::fast_enter(Handle obj, BasicLock* lock, bool attempt_rebias, TRAPS) {
if (UseBiasedLocking) {
if (!SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint()) {
BiasedLocking::Condition cond = BiasedLocking::revoke_and_rebias(obj, attempt_rebias, THREAD);
if (cond == BiasedLocking::BIAS_REVOKED_AND_REBIASED) {
return;
}
} else {
assert(!attempt_rebias, "can not rebias toward VM thread");
BiasedLocking::revoke_at_safepoint(obj);
}
assert(!obj->mark()->has_bias_pattern(), "biases should be revoked by now");
}
slow_enter (obj, lock, THREAD) ;
}
void ObjectSynchronizer::slow_enter(Handle obj, BasicLock* lock, TRAPS) {
markOop mark = obj->mark();
assert(!mark->has_bias_pattern(), "should not see bias pattern here");
if (mark->is_neutral()) {
// Anticipate successful CAS -- the ST of the displaced mark must
// be visible <= the ST performed by the CAS.
lock->set_displaced_header(mark);
if (mark == (markOop) Atomic::cmpxchg_ptr(lock, obj()->mark_addr(), mark)) {
TEVENT (slow_enter: release stacklock) ;
return ;
}
// Fall through to inflate() ...
} else
if (mark->has_locker() && THREAD->is_lock_owned((address)mark->locker())) {
assert(lock != mark->locker(), "must not re-lock the same lock");
assert(lock != (BasicLock*)obj->mark(), "don't relock with same BasicLock");
lock->set_displaced_header(NULL);
return;
}
#if 0
// The following optimization isn't particularly useful.
if (mark->has_monitor() && mark->monitor()->is_entered(THREAD)) {
lock->set_displaced_header (NULL) ;
return ;
}
#endif
// The object header will never be displaced to this lock,
// so it does not matter what the value is, except that it
// must be non-zero to avoid looking like a re-entrant lock,
// and must not look locked either.
lock->set_displaced_header(markOopDesc::unused_mark());
ObjectSynchronizer::inflate(THREAD, obj())->enter(THREAD);
}
inflate方法：膨胀为重量级锁
锁升级过程
JDK8 markword实现表：
无锁 - 偏向锁 - 轻量级锁 （自旋锁，自适应自旋）- 重量级锁
synchronized优化的过程和markword息息相关
用markword中最低的三位代表锁状态 其中1位是偏向锁位 两位是普通锁位
-
Object o = new Object() 锁 = 0 01 无锁态
-
o.hashCode() 001 + hashcode
00000001 10101101 00110100 00110110 01011001 00000000 00000000 00000000
little endian big endian
00000000 00000000 00000000 01011001 00110110 00110100 10101101 00000000
-
默认synchronized(o) 00 -> 轻量级锁 默认情况 偏向锁有个时延，默认是4秒 why? 因为JVM虚拟机自己有一些默认启动的线程，里面有好多sync代码，这些sync代码启动时就知道肯定会有竞争，如果使用偏向锁，就会造成偏向锁不断的进行锁撤销和锁升级的操作，效率较低。
-XX:BiasedLockingStartupDelay=0
-
如果设定上述参数 new Object () - > 101 偏向锁 ->线程ID为0 -> Anonymous BiasedLock 打开偏向锁，new出来的对象，默认就是一个可偏向匿名对象101
-
如果有线程上锁 上偏向锁，指的就是，把markword的线程ID改为自己线程ID的过程 偏向锁不可重偏向 批量偏向 批量撤销
-
如果有线程竞争 撤销偏向锁，升级轻量级锁 线程在自己的线程栈生成LockRecord ，用CAS操作将markword设置为指向自己这个线程的LR的指针，设置成功者得到锁
-
如果竞争加剧 竞争加剧：有线程超过10次自旋， -XX:PreBlockSpin， 或者自旋线程数超过CPU核数的一半， 1.6之后，加入自适应自旋 Adapative Self Spinning ， JVM自己控制 升级重量级锁：-> 向操作系统申请资源，linux mutex , CPU从3级-0级系统调用，线程挂起，进入等待队列，等待操作系统的调度，然后再映射回用户空间
(以上实验环境是JDK11，打开就是偏向锁，而JDK8默认对象头是无锁)
偏向锁默认是打开的，但是有一个时延，如果要观察到偏向锁，应该设定参数
没错，我就是厕所所长
加锁，指的是锁定对象
锁升级的过程
JDK较早的版本 OS的资源 互斥量 用户态 -> 内核态的转换 重量级 效率比较低
现代版本进行了优化
无锁 - 偏向锁 -轻量级锁（自旋锁）-重量级锁
偏向锁 - markword 上记录当前线程指针，下次同一个线程加锁的时候，不需要争用，只需要判断线程指针是否同一个，所以，偏向锁，偏向加锁的第一个线程 。hashCode备份在线程栈上 线程销毁，锁降级为无锁
有争用 - 锁升级为轻量级锁 - 每个线程有自己的LockRecord在自己的线程栈上，用CAS去争用markword的LR的指针，指针指向哪个线程的LR，哪个线程就拥有锁
自旋超过10次，升级为重量级锁 - 如果太多线程自旋 CPU消耗过大，不如升级为重量级锁，进入等待队列（不消耗CPU）-XX:PreBlockSpin
自旋锁在 JDK1.4.2 中引入，使用 -XX:+UseSpinning 来开启。JDK 6 中变为默认开启，并且引入了自适应的自旋锁（适应性自旋锁）。
自适应自旋锁意味着自旋的时间（次数）不再固定，而是由前一次在同一个锁上的自旋时间及锁的拥有者的状态来决定。如果在同一个锁对象上，自旋等待刚刚成功获得过锁，并且持有锁的线程正在运行中，那么虚拟机就会认为这次自旋也是很有可能再次成功，进而它将允许自旋等待持续相对更长的时间。如果对于某个锁，自旋很少成功获得过，那在以后尝试获取这个锁时将可能省略掉自旋过程，直接阻塞线程，避免浪费处理器资源。
偏向锁由于有锁撤销的过程revoke，会消耗系统资源，所以，在锁争用特别激烈的时候，用偏向锁未必效率高。还不如直接使用轻量级锁。
synchronized最底层实现
public class T {
static volatile int i = 0;
public static void n() { i++; }
public static synchronized void m() {}
publics static void main(String[] args) {
for(int j=0; j<1000_000; j++) {
m();
n();
}
}
}
java -XX:+UnlockDiagonositicVMOptions -XX:+PrintAssembly T
C1 Compile Level 1 (一级优化)
C2 Compile Level 2 (二级优化)
找到m() n()方法的汇编码，会看到 lock comxchg .....指令
synchronized vs Lock (CAS)
在高争用 高耗时的环境下synchronized效率更高 在低争用 低耗时的环境下CAS效率更高 synchronized到重量级之后是等待队列（不消耗CPU） CAS（等待期间消耗CPU） 一切以实测为准
锁消除 lock eliminate
public void add(String str1,String str2){
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
sb.append(str1).append(str2);
}
我们都知道 StringBuffer 是线程安全的，因为它的关键方法都是被 synchronized 修饰过的，但我们看上面这段代码，我们会发现，sb 这个引用只会在 add 方法中使用，不可能被其它线程引用（因为是局部变量，栈私有），因此 sb 是不可能共享的资源，JVM 会自动消除 StringBuffer 对象内部的锁。
锁粗化 lock coarsening
public String test(String str){
int i = 0;
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer():
while(i < 100){
sb.append(str);
i++;
}
return sb.toString():
}
JVM 会检测到这样一连串的操作都对同一个对象加锁（while 循环内 100 次执行 append，没有锁粗化的就要进行 100 次加锁/解锁），此时 JVM 就会将加锁的范围粗化到这一连串的操作的外部（比如 while 虚幻体外），使得这一连串操作只需要加一次锁即可。
锁降级（不重要）
https://www.zhihu.com/question/63859501
其实，只被VMThread访问，降级也就没啥意义了。所以可以简单认为锁降级不存在！
超线程
一个ALU + 两组Registers + PC
参考资料
http://openjdk.java.net/groups/hotspot/docs/HotSpotGlossary.html
volatile的用途
1.线程可见性
package com.mashibing.testvolatile;
public class T01_ThreadVisibility {
private static volatile boolean flag = true;
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
new Thread(()-> {
while (flag) {
//do sth
}
System.out.println("end");
}, "server").start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
flag = false;
}
}
2.防止指令重排序
问题：DCL单例需不需要加volatile？
CPU的基础知识
-
缓存行对齐 缓存行64个字节是CPU同步的基本单位，缓存行隔离会比伪共享效率要高 Disruptor
package com.mashibing.juc.c_028_FalseSharing; public class T02_CacheLinePadding { private static class Padding { public volatile long p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7; // } private static class T extends Padding { public volatile long x = 0L; } public static T[] arr = new T[2]; static { arr[0] = new T(); arr[1] = new T(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Thread t1 = new Thread(()->{ for (long i = 0; i < 1000_0000L; i++) { arr[0].x = i; } }); Thread t2 = new Thread(()->{ for (long i = 0; i < 1000_0000L; i++) { arr[1].x = i; } }); final long start = System.nanoTime(); t1.start(); t2.start(); t1.join(); t2.join(); System.out.println((System.nanoTime() - start)/100_0000); } } MESI
-
伪共享
-
合并写 CPU内部的4个字节的Buffer
package com.mashibing.juc.c_029_WriteCombining; public final class WriteCombining { private static final int ITERATIONS = Integer.MAX_VALUE; private static final int ITEMS = 1 << 24; private static final int MASK = ITEMS - 1; private static final byte[] arrayA = new byte[ITEMS]; private static final byte[] arrayB = new byte[ITEMS]; private static final byte[] arrayC = new byte[ITEMS]; private static final byte[] arrayD = new byte[ITEMS]; private static final byte[] arrayE = new byte[ITEMS]; private static final byte[] arrayF = new byte[ITEMS]; public static void main(final String[] args) { for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { System.out.println(i + " SingleLoop duration (ns) = " + runCaseOne()); System.out.println(i + " SplitLoop duration (ns) = " + runCaseTwo()); } } public static long runCaseOne() { long start = System.nanoTime(); int i = ITERATIONS; while (--i != 0) { int slot = i & MASK; byte b = (byte) i; arrayA[slot] = b; arrayB[slot] = b; arrayC[slot] = b; arrayD[slot] = b; arrayE[slot] = b; arrayF[slot] = b; } return System.nanoTime() - start; } public static long runCaseTwo() { long start = System.nanoTime(); int i = ITERATIONS; while (--i != 0) { int slot = i & MASK; byte b = (byte) i; arrayA[slot] = b; arrayB[slot] = b; arrayC[slot] = b; } i = ITERATIONS; while (--i != 0) { int slot = i & MASK; byte b = (byte) i; arrayD[slot] = b; arrayE[slot] = b; arrayF[slot] = b; } return System.nanoTime() - start; } } -
指令重排序
package com.mashibing.jvm.c3_jmm; public class T04_Disorder { private static int x = 0, y = 0; private static int a = 0, b =0; public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { int i = 0; for(;;) { i++; x = 0; y = 0; a = 0; b = 0; Thread one = new Thread(new Runnable() { public void run() { //由于线程one先启动，下面这句话让它等一等线程two. 读着可根据自己电脑的实际性能适当调整等待时间. //shortWait(100000); a = 1; x = b; } }); Thread other = new Thread(new Runnable() { public void run() { b = 1; y = a; } }); one.start();other.start(); one.join();other.join(); String result = "第" + i + "次 (" + x + "," + y + "）"; if(x == 0 && y == 0) { System.err.println(result); break; } else { //System.out.println(result); } } } public static void shortWait(long interval){ long start = System.nanoTime(); long end; do{ end = System.nanoTime(); }while(start + interval >= end); } }
volatile如何解决指令重排序
1: volatile i
2: ACC_VOLATILE
3: JVM的内存屏障
4：hotspot实现
bytecodeinterpreter.cpp
int field_offset = cache->f2_as_index();
if (cache->is_volatile()) {
if (support_IRIW_for_not_multiple_copy_atomic_cpu) {
OrderAccess::fence();
}
orderaccess_linux_x86.inline.hpp
inline void OrderAccess::fence() {
if (os::is_MP()) {
// always use locked addl since mfence is sometimes expensive
#ifdef AMD64
__asm__ volatile ("lock; addl $0,0(%%rsp)" : : : "cc", "memory");
#else
__asm__ volatile ("lock; addl $0,0(%%esp)" : : : "cc", "memory");
#endif
}
}
最后
以上就是热心红酒为你收集整理的马士兵 多线程笔记CASUnsafemarkword工具：JOL = Java Object Layoutsynchronized的横切面详解锁升级过程锁消除 lock eliminate锁粗化 lock coarsening锁降级（不重要）超线程参考资料volatile的用途的全部内容，希望文章能够帮你解决马士兵 多线程笔记CASUnsafemarkword工具：JOL = Java Object Layoutsynchronized的横切面详解锁升级过程锁消除 lock eliminate锁粗化 lock coarsening锁降级（不重要）超线程参考资料volatile的用途所遇到的程序开发问题。
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