概述
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afterboot 是OpenBSD自带的man手册，目的是指导管理员在安装了OpenBSD之后如何管理的快速入门。非常值得一读。
AFTERBOOT(8) OpenBSD System Manager's Manual AFTERBOOT(8)
NAME
afterboot - things to check after the first complete boot
DESCRIPTION
Starting out
This document attempts to list items for the system administrator to
check and set up after the installation and first complete boot of the
system. The idea is to create a list of items that can be checked off so
that you have a warm fuzzy feeling that something obvious has not been
missed. A basic knowledge of UNIX is assumed, otherwise type:
# help
Complete instructions for correcting and fixing items is not provided.
There are manual pages and other methodologies available for doing that.
For example, to view the man page for the ls(1) command, type:
# man 1 ls
Administrators will rapidly become more familiar with OpenBSD if they get
used to using the high quality manual pages.
Errata
By the time that you have installed your system, it is quite likely that
bugs in the release have been found. All significant and easily fixed
problems will be reported at http://www.openbsd.org/errata.html. The web
page will mention if a problem is security related. It is recommended
that you check this page regularly.
Login
Log in as ``root''. You can do so on the console, or over the network
using ssh(1). If you wish to deny root logins over the network, edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set PermitRootLogin to ``no'' (see
sshd_config(5)).
For security reasons, it is bad practice to log in as root during regular
use and maintenance of the system. Instead, administrators are encour-
aged to add a ``regular'' user, add said user to the ``wheel'' group,
then use the su(1) and sudo(8) commands when root privileges are re-
quired. This process is described in more detail later.
Root password
Change the password for the root user. (Note that throughout the docu-
mentation, the term ``superuser'' is a synonym for the root user.)
Choose a password that has digits and special characters (not space) as
well as from the upper and lower case alphabet. Do not choose any word
in any language. It is common for an intruder to use dictionary attacks.
Type the command /usr/bin/passwd to change it.
It is a good idea to always specify the full path name for both the
passwd(1) and su(1) commands as this inhibits the possibility of files
placed in your execution PATH for most shells. Furthermore, the superus-
er's PATH should never contain the current directory (``.'').
System date
Check the system date with the date(1) command. If needed, change the
date, and/or change the symbolic link of /etc/localtime to the correct
time zone in the /usr/share/zoneinfo directory.
Examples:
Set the current date to January 27th, 1999 3:04pm:
# date 199901271504
Set the time zone to Atlantic Standard Time:
# ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Atlantic /etc/localtime
Check hostname
Use the hostname command to verify that the name of your machine is cor-
rect. See the man page for hostname(1) if it needs to be changed. You
will also need to edit the /etc/myname file to have it stick around for
the next reboot.
Verify network interface configuration
The first thing to do is an ifconfig -a to see if the network interfaces
are properly configured. Correct by editing /etc/hostname.interface
(where interface is the interface name, e.g., ``le0'') and then using
ifconfig(8) to manually configure it if you do not wish to reboot. Read
the hostname.if(5) man page for more information on the format of
/etc/hostname.interface files. The loopback interface will look some-
thing like:
lo0: flags=8009<UP,LOOPBACK,MULTICAST> mtu 32972
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
an Ethernet interface something like:
le0: flags=9863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST>
inet 192.168.4.52 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.4.255
inet6 fe80::5ef0:f0f0%le0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
and a PPP interface something like:
ppp0: flags=8051<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,MULTICAST>
inet 203.3.131.108 --> 198.181.0.253 netmask 0xffff0000
See netstart(8) for instructions on configuring multicast routing.
See dhcp(8) for instructions on configuring interfaces with DHCP.
Check routing tables
Issue a netstat -rn command. The output will look something like:
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface
default 192.168.4.254 UGS 0 11098028 - le0
127 127.0.0.1 UGRS 0 0 - lo0
127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 3 24 - lo0
192.168.4 link#1 UC 0 0 - le0
192.168.4.52 8:0:20:73:b8:4a UHL 1 6707 - le0
192.168.4.254 0:60:3e:99:67:ea UHL 1 0 - le0
Internet6:
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface
::/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 =>
::1 ::1 UH 4 0 32972 lo0
::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0
fc80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0
fe80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0
fe80::%le0/64 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0
fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U 0 0 32972 lo0
ff01::/32 ::1 U 0 0 32972 lo0
ff02::%le0/32 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0
ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC 0 0 32972 lo0
The default gateway address is stored in the /etc/mygate file. If you
need to edit this file, a painless way to reconfigure the network after-
wards is route flush followed by a sh -x /etc/netstart command. Or, you
may prefer to manually configure using a series of route add and route
delete commands (see route(8)). If you run dhclient(8) you will have to
kill it by running kill `cat /var/run/dhclient.pid` after you flush the
routes.
If you wish to route packets between interfaces, add one or both of the
following directives (depending on whether IPv4 or IPv6 routing is re-
quired) to /etc/sysctl.conf:
net.inet.ip.forwarding=1
net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1
Packets are not forwarded by default, due to RFC requirements.
Check disk mounts
Check that the disks are mounted correctly by comparing the /etc/fstab
file against the output of the mount(8) and df(1) commands. Example:
# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1
/dev/sd0d /usr ffs rw,nodev 1 2
/dev/sd0e /var ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 3
/dev/sd0g /tmp ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 4
/dev/sd0h /home ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 5
# mount
/dev/sd0a on / type ffs (local)
/dev/sd0d on /usr type ffs (local, nodev)
/dev/sd0e on /var type ffs (local, nodev, nosuid)
/dev/sd0g on /tmp type ffs (local, nodev, nosuid)
/dev/sd0h on /home type ffs (local, nodev, nosuid)
# df
Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sd0a 22311 14589 6606 69% /
/dev/sd0d 203399 150221 43008 78% /usr
/dev/sd0e 10447 682 9242 7% /var
/dev/sd0g 18823 2 17879 0% /tmp
/dev/sd0h 7519 5255 1888 74% /home
# pstat -s
Device 512-blocks Used Avail Capacity Priority
swap_device 131072 84656 46416 65% 0
Edit /etc/fstab and use the mount(8) and umount(8) commands as appropri-
ate. Refer to the above example and fstab(5) for information on the for-
mat of this file.
You may wish to do NFS partitions now too, or you can do them later.
Check the running system
You can use ps(1), netstat(1), and fstat(1) to check on running process-
es, network connections, and opened files, respectively.
FURTHER CHANGES
The system should be usable now, but you may wish to do more customizing,
such as adding users, etc. Many of the following sections may be skipped
if you are not using that package. We suggest that you cd /etc and edit
any files in that directory as necessary.
Note that the /etc/motd file is modified by /etc/rc whenever the system
is booted. To keep any custom message intact, ensure that you leave two
blank lines at the top, or your message will be overwritten.
Add new users
Add users. There is an adduser(8) script. You may use vipw(8) to add
users to the /etc/passwd file and edit /etc/group by hand to add new
groups. You may also wish to edit /etc/login.conf and tune some of the
limits documented in login.conf(5). The manual page for su(1) tells you
to make sure to put people in the `wheel' group if they need root access
(non-Kerberos). For example:
wheel:*:0:root,myself
Follow instructions for login_krb5(8) if using Kerberos for authentica-
tion.
System command scripts
The /etc/rc.* scripts are invoked at boot time, after single user mode
has exited, and at shutdown. The whole process is controlled, more or
less, by the master script /etc/rc. This script should not be changed by
administrators.
/etc/rc is in turn influenced by the configuration variables present in
/etc/rc.conf. Again this script should not be changed by administrators:
site-specific changes should be made to (freshly created if necessary)
/etc/rc.conf.local.
Any commands which should be run before the system sets its secure level
should be made to /etc/rc.securelevel, and commands to be run after the
system sets its secure level should be made to /etc/rc.local. Commands
to be run before system shutdown should be set in /etc/rc.shutdown.
For more information about system startup/shutdown files, see rc(8),
rc.conf(8), securelevel(7), and rc.shutdown(8).
If you've installed X, you may want to turn on xdm(1), the X Display Man-
ager. To do this, change the value of xdm_flags in /etc/rc.conf.local.
Set keyboard type
Some architectures permit keyboard type control. Use the kbd(8) command
to change the keyboard encoding. kbd -l will list all available encod-
ings. kbd xxx will select the xxx encoding. Store the encoding in
/etc/kbdtype to make sure it is set automatically at boot time.
Printers
Edit /etc/printcap and /etc/hosts.lpd to get any printers set up. Con-
sult lpd(8) and printcap(5) if needed.
Mail aliases
Edit /etc/mail/aliases and set the three standard aliases to go to either
a mailing list, or the system administrator.
# Well-known aliases -- these should be filled in!
root: sysadm
manager: root
dumper: root
Run newaliases(8) after changes.
Sendmail
The default mail agent on OpenBSD is sendmail(8). Details on how to con-
figure an alternative mailer are documented in mailer.conf(5).
OpenBSD ships with a default /etc/mail/localhost.cf file that will work
for simple installations; it was generated from openbsd-localhost.mc in
/usr/share/sendmail/cf. Please see /usr/share/sendmail/README and
/usr/share/doc/smm/08.sendmailop/op.me for information on generating your
own sendmail configuration files. For the default installation, sendmail
is configured to only accept connections from the local host and to not
accept connections on any external interfaces. This makes it possible to
send mail locally, but not receive mail from remote servers, which is
ideal if you have one central incoming mail machine and several clients.
To cause sendmail to accept external network connections, modify the
sendmail_flags variable in /etc/rc.conf.local to use the
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf file in accordance with the comments therein. This
file was generated from openbsd-proto.mc.
Note that sendmail now also listens on port 587 by default. This is to
implement the RFC 2476 message submission protocol. You may disable this
via the no_default_msa option in your sendmail .mc file. See
/usr/share/sendmail/README for more information.
Daily, weekly, monthly scripts
Look at and possibly edit the /etc/daily, /etc/weekly, and /etc/monthly
scripts. Your site specific things should go into /etc/daily.local,
/etc/weekly.local, and /etc/monthly.local.
These scripts have been limited so as to keep the system running without
filling up disk space from normal running processes and database updates.
(You probably do not need to understand them.)
The /etc/daily script provides a means to perform a daily backup of the
root filesystem. See daily(8) for more information.
Tighten up security
You might wish to tighten up security more by editing /etc/fbtab as when
installing X. In /etc/inetd.conf comment out any extra entries you do
not need, and only add things that are really needed.
Other files in /etc
Look at the other files in /etc and edit them as needed. (Do not edit
files ending in .db -- like pwd.db, spwd.db, nor localtime, nor rmt, nor
any directories.)
Crontab (background running processes)
Check what is running by typing crontab -l as root and see if anything
unexpected is present. Do you need anything else? Do you wish to change
things? For example, if you do not like root getting standard output of
the daily scripts, and want only the security scripts that are mailed in-
ternally, you can type crontab -e and change some of the lines to read:
30 1 * * * /bin/sh /etc/daily 2>&1 > /var/log/daily.out
30 3 * * 6 /bin/sh /etc/weekly 2>&1 > /var/log/weekly.out
30 5 1 * * /bin/sh /etc/monthly 2>&1 > /var/log/monthly.out
See crontab(5).
Next day cleanup
After the first night's security run, change ownerships and permissions
on files, directories, and devices; root should have received mail with
subject: "<hostname> daily insecurity output.". This mail contains a set
of security recommendations, presented as a list looking like this:
var/mail:
permissions (0755, 0775)
etc/daily:
user (0, 3)
The best bet is to follow the advice in that list. The recommended set-
ting is the first item in parentheses, while the current setting is the
second one. This list is generated by mtree(8) using /etc/mtree/special.
Use chmod(1), chgrp(1), and chown(8) as needed.
Daemons
Enable/disable any daemon processes as necessary. intro(8) contains a
comprehensive guide to the various daemons available on the OpenBSD sys-
tem.
Packages
Install your own packages. The OpenBSD ports collection includes a large
set of third-party software. A lot of it is available as binary packages
that you can download from ftp://ftp.openbsd.org or a mirror, and install
using pkg_add(1). See ports(7) and packages(7) for more details.
Copy vendor binaries and install them. You will need to install any
shared libraries, etc. Read the compat_* man pages to find out how to
install and use compatibility mode.
There is also other third-party software that is available in source form
only, either because it has not been ported to OpenBSD yet, or because
licensing restrictions make binary redistribution impossible. Sometimes
checking the mailing lists for past problems that people have encountered
will result in a fix posted.
Compiling a kernel
Information on building and modifying kernels is contained within
config(8).
SEE ALSO
ksh(1), man(1), pkg_add(1), ps(1), vi(1), hier(7), config(8), dmesg(8),
ifconfig(8), intro(8), sudo(8), sysctl(8)
HISTORY
This document first appeared in OpenBSD 2.2.
OpenBSD 4.3 November 30, 2007 最后
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